Activists, alliances, and anti-U.S. base protests

Contents......Page 8
Figures......Page 9
Tables......Page 10
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 16
Introduction Activists, Alliances, and the Politics of Overseas U.S. Bases......Page 20
Two Boards, Three Players......Page 21
Grand Strategy and Alliances......Page 23
Resistance and Blowback......Page 24
A Security Consensus Framework......Page 26
Alternative Explanations......Page 27
1 Anti-Base Movements and the Security Consensus Framework......Page 31
Security Consensus Framework......Page 32
Defining the Security Consensus......Page 33
Anti-Base Movement Mobilization......Page 36
The Security Consensus as a Political Opportunity Structure......Page 40
Actors......Page 43
Conditions of Strong Security Consensus......Page 44
Conditions of Weak Security Consensus......Page 45
Security Consensus......Page 46
Unit of Analysis: Movement Episodes......Page 50
Case Selection......Page 51
Preview of the Empirical Cases......Page 52
2 Under a Weak Security Consensus Philippine Anti-Base Movements, 1990–1991......Page 54
U.S. military bases in the philippines......Page 56
Function of Subic and Clark Bases......Page 57
Strategic Value of Subic Bay Naval Station......Page 58
Origins of the Anti-Base Movement......Page 59
Development of Anti-Base Coalition Campaigns, 1981–1991......Page 61
Orientation Toward Internal Security......Page 63
An Underdeveloped National Security Agenda......Page 64
Interaction Between State and Society......Page 68
Mobilization......Page 69
Framing......Page 71
Strategy......Page 72
Host-State Response: Anti-base Elites and the Anti-Treaty Movement......Page 74
Conclusion: Security Consensus and State Penetration......Page 79
3 The U.S.-Japan Alliance and Anti-Base Movements in Okinawa, 1995–1996......Page 82
U.S. Bases and the Okinawan Resistance Movement......Page 83
Battle of Okinawa and the First Wave......Page 84
Second Wave......Page 85
Third Wave and the Okinawa Prefecture People’s Rally......Page 86
Thinking about Consensus......Page 89
End of the Cold War......Page 91
From the Rape Incident to the Special Action Committee on Okinawa......Page 95
Reduction or Relocation: A “Symbolic” Return......Page 99
Conclusion......Page 103
4 Anti-Base Movements in Ecuador and Italy......Page 105
Ecuador......Page 106
Background on the Manta Base Agreement......Page 107
U.S.-Ecuador Relations......Page 109
Mobilization against the Manta Base......Page 110
Origins......Page 111
Transnational Collaboration......Page 112
State–Society Interaction......Page 113
Legal Action with Sympathetic Elites......Page 114
The Pro-U.S. Gutierrez Period......Page 115
Growing Elite Dissatisfaction......Page 116
Weak Security Consensus and Movement–Government Ties......Page 117
Italy......Page 119
U.S. Bases in Italy......Page 120
From Formal to Informal Politics......Page 121
Party Politics and Political Opportunities......Page 123
Successful Mobilization......Page 124
Strong Security Consensus......Page 125
Italian Foreign Policy and U.S. Relations......Page 126
Security Consensus in the Post-9/11 Era......Page 127
Buck Passing......Page 130
Prodi’s Rebound......Page 132
Fractures......Page 133
Conclusion: ecuador and italy in comparative perspective......Page 135
5 South Korean Anti-Base Movements and the Resilience of the Security Consensus......Page 137
USFK Base Relocation and Consolidation......Page 139
A Resilient Security Consensus......Page 140
Radicals, Progressives, and Conservatives......Page 141
Political and Ideological Structures......Page 144
Evolution of South Korean Anti-Base Movements......Page 148
Origins of the Pyeongtaek Anti-Base Movement......Page 150
Mobilization......Page 151
Strategy......Page 154
The Security Consensus and State–Society Relations......Page 156
Minimal Elite Support......Page 157
Government Response......Page 159
Denouement......Page 165
Conclusion......Page 167
6 Alliance Relations and the Security Consensus Across Time......Page 168
Continuity......Page 169
Change......Page 170
Rising Elite Security Consensus in the Philippines......Page 172
AFP Modernization......Page 173
Increased Threats......Page 174
9/11 and the Global War on Terror......Page 176
Anti-VFA Protests......Page 179
State–Society Interaction......Page 180
Okinawa......Page 183
Security Consensus in the Twenty-First Century......Page 184
Nago City Elections......Page 188
Into the Twenty-First Century......Page 192
Conclusion......Page 195
7 Activists, Alliances, and the Future of U.S. Basing Strategy......Page 197
Theoretical Issues......Page 198
Addressing Regime Type in the Base Politics Literature......Page 200
Italy......Page 202
South Korea......Page 203
Philippines......Page 204
Spain......Page 205
The Future of U.S. Basing Strategy......Page 207
1. Managing and Strengthening the Security Consensus......Page 208
2. New Allies, Bad Friends?......Page 211
3. Afghanistan and Iraq......Page 212
4. U.S. Bases and the Local Community......Page 214
Anti-base Movements: local and global......Page 215
Appendix Selected List of Interviews......Page 220
Bibliography......Page 224
Newspapers and News Services......Page 234