Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
1 Introduction
	1–1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE?
		Natural Science
		Environmental Science
		Quantitative Environmental Science
	1–2 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING?
		Professional Development
		Professions
	1–3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
		Overview
		Hydrology
		Water Treatment
		Wastewater Treatment
		Air Pollution Control
		Solid and Hazardous Waste
	1–4 HOW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERSAND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS WORK TOGETHER
	1–5 INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
		Where Do We Start?
		A Short Outline of This Book
	1–6 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
		Systems
		Water Resource Management System
		Air Resource Management System
		Solid Waste Management System
		Multimedia Systems
		Sustainability
	1–7 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION
		Acts, Laws, and Regulations
	1–8 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
		Case 1: To Add or Not to Add
		Case 2: You Can\'t Do Everything At Once
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
2 Chemistry
	Case Study: Leaded Gasoline: Corporate Greed Versus Chemistry
	2–1 INTRODUCTION
	2–2 BASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS
		Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
		Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces
		The Mole, Molar Units, and Activity Units
		Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
		Chemical Equilibrium
		Reaction Kinetics
	2–3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
		Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
		Aryl (Aromatic) Compounds
		Functional Groups and Classes of Compounds
	2–4 WATER CHEMISTRY
		Physical Properties of Water
		States of Solution Impurities
		Concentration Units in Aqueous Solutions or Suspensions
		Buffers
	2–5 SOIL CHEMISTRY
	2–6 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
		Fundamentals of Gases
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
3 Biology
	Case Study: Lake Erie is Dead
	3–1 INTRODUCTION
	3–2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIFE
		Carbohydrates
		Nucleic Acids
		Proteins
		Lipids
	3–3 THE CELL
		Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
		Cell Membrane
		Cell Organelles of Eukaryotes
		Cell Organelles of Plant Cells
		Cell Organelles of Prokaryotes
	3–4 ENERGY AND METABOLISM
		Cells, Matter, and Energy
	3–5 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
		The Cell Cycle
		Asexual Reproduction
		Sexual Reproduction
	3–6 DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS
	3–7 BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
		Archaea
		Bacteria
	3–8 PROTISTS
		Protozoa
		Algae
		Slime Molds and Water Molds
	3–9 FUNGI
		Chytridiomycota
		Zygomycota
		Ascomycota
		Basidiomycota
		Deuteromycota
	3–10 VIRUSES
	3–11 MICROBIAL DISEASE
	3–12 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
4 Materials and Energy Balances
	4–1 INTRODUCTION
	4–2 UNIFYING THEORIES
		Conservation of Matter
		Conservation of Energy
		Conservation of Matter and Energy
	4–3 MATERIALS BALANCES
		Fundamentals
		Time as a Factor
		More Complex Systems
		Efficiency
		The State of Mixing
		Including Reactions and Loss Processes
		Reactors
		Reactor Analysis
	4–4 ENERGY BALANCES
		First Law of Thermodynamics
		Fundamentals
		Second Law of Thermodynamics
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
5 Ecosystems
	Case Study: Ecosystems
	5–1 INTRODUCTION
		Ecosystems
	5–2 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEMS
	5–3 ENERGY AND MASS FLOW
		Bioaccumulation
	5–4 NUTRIENT CYCLES
		Carbon Cycle
		Nitrogen Cycle
		Phosphorus Cycle
		Sulfur Cycle
	5–5 POPULATION DYNAMICS
		Bacterial Population Growth
		Animal Population Dynamics
		Human Population Dynamics
	5–6 LAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF MASS AND ENERGY CYCLING IN AN ECOSYSTEM
		Stratification and Turnover in Deep Lakes
		Biological Zones
		Lake Productivity
		Eutrophication
	5–7 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS TO PROTECT ECOSYSTEMS
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
6 Risk Perception, Assessment, and Management
	Case Study: Imposed Risk Versus Assumed Risk
	6–1 INTRODUCTION
	6–2 RISK PERCEPTION
	6–3 RISK ASSESSMENT
		Data Collection and Evaluation
		Toxicity Assessment
		Exposure Assessment
		Risk Characterization
	6–4 RISK MANAGEMENT
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
7 Hydrology
	Case Study: Potential Failure of the Oroville Dam
	7–1 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY
		The Hydrological Cycle
	7–2 MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION, EVAPORATION, INFILTRATION, AND STREAMFLOW
		Precipitation
		Evaporation
		Infiltration
		Streamflow
	7–3 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY
		Aquifers
	7–4 GROUNDWATER FLOW
	7–5 WELL HYDRAULICS
		Definition of Terms
		Cone of Depression
	7–6 SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER AS A WATER SUPPLY
	7–7 DEPLETION OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER
		Water Rights
		Water Use
		Land Subsidence
	7–8 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
		Low Impact Development
		Wet Weather Green Infrastructure
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
8 Sustainability
	Case Study: A New Precious Metal—Copper!
	8–1 INTRODUCTION
		Sustainability
		The People Problem
		There Are No Living Dinosaurs
		Go Green
	8–2 WATER RESOURCES
		Water, Water, Everywhere
		Frequency from Probability Analysis
		Floods
		Droughts
	8–3 ENERGY RESOURCES
		Fossil Fuel Reserves
		Nuclear Energy Resources
		Environmental Impacts
		Sustainable Energy Sources
		Green Engineering and Energy Conservation
	8–4 MINERAL RESOURCES
		Reserves
		Environmental Impacts
		Resource Conservation
	8–5 SOIL RESOURCES
		Energy Storage
		Plant Production
	8–6 PARAMETERS OF SOIL SUSTAINABILITY
		Nutrient Cycling
		Soil Acidity
		Soil Salinity
		Texture and Structure
	8–7 SOIL CONSERVATION
	Soil Management
	Soil Erosion
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
9 Water Quality Management
	Case Study: Deepwater Horizon: The Largest Oil Spill Disaster in U.S. History
	9–1 INTRODUCTION
	9–2 WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES
		Point Sources
		Nonpoint Sources
		Oxygen-Demanding Material
		Nutrients
		Pathogenic Organisms
		Suspended Solids
		Salts
		Pesticides
		Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
		Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
		Other Organic Chemicals
		Arsenic
		Toxic Metals
		Heat
		Nanoparticles
	9–3 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN RIVERS
		Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Wastes on Rivers
		Biochemical Oxygen Demand
		Laboratory Measurement of Biochemical Oxygen Demand
		Additional Notes on Biochemical Oxygen Demand
		Nitrogen Oxidation
		DO Sag Curve
		Effect of Nutrients on Water Quality in Rivers
	9–4 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN LAKES
		Control of Phosphorus in Lakes
		Acidification of Lakes
	9–5 WATER QUALITY IN ESTUARIES
	9–6 WATER QUALITY IN OCEANS
	9–7 GROUNDWATER QUALITY
		Contaminant Migration in Groundwaters
	9–8 SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
10 Water Treatment
	Case Study: The Flint Water Crisis
	10–1 INTRODUCTION
		Water Quality
		Physical Characteristics
		Chemical Characteristics
		Microbiological Characteristics
		Radiological Characteristics
		U.S. Water Quality Standards
		Water Classification and Treatment Systems
	10–2 RAPID MIXING, FLOCCULATION, AND COAGULATION
		Colloid Stability and Destabilization
		The Physics of Coagulation
		Coagulants
		Mixing and Flocculation
	10–3 SOFTENING
		Hardness
		Lime–Soda Softening
		Ion-Exchange Softening
	10–4 SEDIMENTATION
		Overview
		Determination of Settling Velocity (vs)
		Determination of Overflow Rate (vo)
	10–5 FILTRATION
	10–6 DISINFECTION
		Disinfection Kinetics
		Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products
		Chlorine Reactions in Water
		Chloramines
		Chlorine Dioxide
		Ozonation
		Ultraviolet Radiation
	10–7 OTHER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR DRINKING WATER
		Membrane Processes
		Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
		Carbon Adsorption
		Aeration
	10–8 WATER PLANT RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT
		Mass-Balance Analysis
		Sludge Treatment
		Ultimate Disposal
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
11 Wastewater Treatment
	Case Study: Tenafly Sewage Treatment Plant: A Plant Decades Ahead of Its Time
	11–1 INTRODUCTION
		Wastewater Treatment Perspective
	11–2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
		Physical Characteristics
		Chemical Characteristics
		Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater
	11–3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT STANDARDS
		Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes
	11–4 ON-SITE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
	11–5 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
	11–6 UNIT OPERATIONS OF PRETREATMENT
		Bar Racks
		Grit Chambers
		Macerators
		Equalization
	11–7 PRIMARY TREATMENT
	11–8 UNIT PROCESSES OF SECONDARY TREATMENT
		Overview
		Role of Microorganisms
		Population Dynamics
		Activated Sludge
		Trickling Filters
		Oxidation Ponds
		Rotating Biological Contactors
		Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)
		Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
	11–9 DISINFECTION
	11–10 TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
		Filtration
		Carbon Adsorption
		Chemical Phosphorus Removal
		Biological Phosphorus Removal
		Nitrogen Control
	11–11 LAND TREATMENT FOR SUSTAINABILITY
		Slow Rate
		Overland Flow
		Rapid Infiltration
		Potential Adverse Affects
	11–12 SLUDGE TREATMENT
		Sources and Characteristics of Various Sludges
		Solids Computations
		Sludge Treatment Processes
	11–13 SLUDGE DISPOSAL
		Ultimate Disposal
		Land Spreading
		Landfilling
		Dedicated Land Disposal
		Utilization
		Sludge Disposal Regulations
	11–14 DIRECT POTABLE REUSE
		Description
		Public Perception
		Health Issues
		Technological Capability
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
12 Air Pollution
	Case Study: Killer Smog Blankets Town
	12–1 INTRODUCTION
		Air Pollution Perspective
	12–2 FUNDAMENTALS
		Pressure Relationships and Units of Measure
		Relativity
		Adiabatic Expansion and Compression
	12–3 AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS
	12–4 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
		Effects on Materials
		Effects on Vegetation
		Effects on Health
	12–5 ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR POLLUTANTS
		Carbon Monoxide
		Hazardous Air Pollutants
		Lead
		Nitrogen Dioxide
		Photochemical Oxidants
		Sulfur Oxides
		Particulates
	12–6 MICRO AND MACRO AIR POLLUTION
		Indoor Air Pollution
		Acid Rain
		Ozone Depletion
		Global Warming
	12–7 AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY
		The Atmospheric Engine
		Turbulence
		Stability
		Terrain Effects
	12–8 ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION
		Factors Affecting Dispersion of Air Pollutants
		Dispersion Modeling
	12–9 INDOOR AIR QUALITY MODEL
	12–10 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES
		Gaseous Pollutants
		Flue Gas Desulfurization
		Control Technologies for Nitrogen Oxides
		Particulate Pollutants
		Control Technologies for Mercury
	12–11 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF MOBILE SOURCES
		Engine Fundamentals
		Control of Automobile Emissions
	12–12 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
13 Solid Waste Engineering
	Case Study: Too Much Waste, Too Little Space
	13–1 INTRODUCTION
		Magnitude of the Problem
	13–2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE
	13–3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
	13–4 SOLID WASTE COLLECTION
	13–5 WASTE AS RESOURCE
		Background and Perspective
		Green Chemistry and Green Engineering
		Recycling
		Composting
		Source Reduction
	13–6 SOLID WASTE REDUCTION
		Combustion Processes
		Types of Incinerators
		Public Health and Environmental Issues
		Other Thermal Treatment Processes
	13–7 DISPOSAL BY SANITARY LANDFILL
		Site Selection
		Operation
		Environmental Considerations
		Leachate
		Methane and Other Gas Production
		Landfill Design
		Landfill Closure
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
14 Hazardous Waste Management
	Case Study: Don\'t Cry over Spilled Milk but Do Cry over Contaminated Milk
	14–1 INTRODUCTION
		Dioxins and PCBs
	14–2 EPA\'S HAZARDOUS WASTE DESIGNATION SYSTEM
	14–3 RCRA AND HSWA
		Congressional Actions on Hazardous Waste
		Cradle-to-Grave Concept
		Generator Requirements
		Transporter Regulations
		Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Requirements
		Underground Storage Tanks
	14–4 CERCLA AND SARA
		The Superfund Law
		The National Priority List
		The Hazard Ranking System
		The National Contingency Plan
		Liability
		Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
	14–5 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
		Waste Minimization
		Waste Exchange
		Recycling
	14–6 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
		Biological Treatment
		Chemical Treatment
		Physical/Chemical Treatment
		Incineration
		Stabilization–Solidification
	14–7 LAND DISPOSAL
		Deep Well Injection
		Land Treatment
		The Secure Landfill
	14–8 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND REMEDIATION
		The Process of Contamination
		EPA\'s Groundwater Remediation Procedure
		Mitigation and Treatment
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
15 Noise Pollution
	Case Study: The Noise, The Noise, The Noise!
	15–1 INTRODUCTION
		Properties of Sound Waves
		Sound Power and Intensity
		Levels and the Decibel
		Characterization of Noise
	15–2 EFFECTS OF NOISE ON PEOPLE
		The Hearing Mechanism
		Normal Hearing
		Hearing Impairment
		Damage-Risk Criteria
		Speech Interference
		Annoyance
		Sleep Interference
		Effects on Performance
		Acoustic Privacy
	15–3 RATING SYSTEMS
		Goals of a Noise-Rating System
		The LN Concept
		The Leq Concept
		The Ldn Concept
	15–4 COMMUNITY NOISE SOURCES AND CRITERIA
		Transportation Noise
		Other Internal Combustion Engines
		Construction Noise
		Zoning and Siting Considerations
		Levels to Protect Health and Welfare
	15–5 TRANSMISSION OF SOUND OUTDOORS
		Inverse Square Law
		Radiation Fields of a Sound Source
		Directivity
		Airborne Transmission
	15–6 TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION
		Leq Prediction
		Ldn Prediction
	15–7 NOISE CONTROL
		Source-Path-Receiver Concept
		Control of Noise Source by Design
		Noise Control in the Transmission Path
		Control of Noise Source by Redress
		Protect the Receiver
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	FE Exam Formatted Problems
	References
16 Ionizing Radiation
	Case Study: Chernobyl: A Land Lost Forever?
	16–1 FUNDAMENTALS
		Atomic Structure
		Radioactivity and Radiation
		Radioactive Decay
		Radioisotopes
		Fission
		The Production of X-Rays
		Radiation Dose
	16–2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
		Sequential Pattern of Biological Effects
		Determinants of Biological Effects
		Acute Effects
		Relation of Dose to Type of Acute Radiation Syndrome
		Delayed Effects
		Genetic Effects
	16–3 RADIATION STANDARDS
	16–4 RADIATION EXPOSURE
		External and Internal Radiation Hazards
		Natural Background
		X-Rays
		Radionuclides
		Nuclear Reactor Operations
		Radioactive Wastes
	16–5 RADIATION PROTECTION
		Reduction of External Radiation Hazards
		Reduction of Internal Radiation Hazards
	16–6 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
		Types of Waste
		Management of High-Level Radioactive Waste
		Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
		Management of Low-Level Radioactive Waste
		Long-Term Management and Containment
	Chapter Review
	Problems
	Discussion Questions
	References
Appendices
	A: PROPERTIES OF AIR, WATER, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS
	B: LIST OF ELEMENTS WITH THEIR SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC MASSES
	C: PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
	D: USEFUL UNIT CONVERSION AND PREFIXES
	E: GREEK ALPHABET
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
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	U
	V
	W
	Z
	Y
	Z