Advances in Simulation and Digital Human Modeling

Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2020
Preface
Contents
Human Factors and Simulated Agents
Trustworthy Human-Centered Automation Through Explainable AI and High-Fidelity Simulation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Explainability for Trustworthy Autonomous Systems
		2.1 Internal Models
		2.2 Decision and Control Logic
		2.3 Human-Machine Interface
	3 High-Fidelity Simulation for Trustworthy Autonomy
		3.1 Simulation for Human-Machine Teaming in Cybersecurity Domains
		3.2 Simulation for Human-Machine Teaming in Robotics Domains
	References
Conducting Polyphonic Human-Robot Communication: Mastering Crescendos and Diminuendos in Transparency
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Apparatus
		2.2 Procedure
		2.3 Measurement
	3 Results
		3.1 Performance and Reliance on IA
		3.2 Trust
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
An Extended Framework for Context Modeling
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Framework for the Context Model
		2.1 Structure of a Context
		2.2 Extended Framework
	3 Redefinition of Contextual Factors of Teams
	4 Applications of the Context Framework
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Human-Machine Interaction Efficiency Factors in Flight Simulator Training Towards Chinese Pilots
	Abstract
	1 Background
	2 Related Work
	3 Study 1: Learning Efficiency of Aircraft-Related Knowledge
	4 Study 2: Effect of Positive Emotion Activation
	5 Future Work
	Acknowledgments
	References
Training and Simulation
Utilizing Simulation to Train Decision Making with Conflicting Information
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Training Techniques
	3 Use Case Example Training Exercises
	4 Developing Valid Simulation-Based Exercises
	5 Conclusion
	References
Considerations in Adding Adaptive Training to Existing Virtual Environments
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Virtual Environments (VEs) and Adaptive Training
	3 Illustrative Example
		3.1 Gauntlet
		3.2 Integrating with GIFT
		3.3 Specific Considerations
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Evoking Stress Reactivity in a Virtual Dance Competition
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Procedures
		2.3 Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity
		2.4 Salivary Cortisol and Testosterone Levels
		2.5 Statistical Analyses
	3 Results
		3.1 Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity
		3.2 Salivary Cortisol and Testosterone Levels
	4 Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Visualizing Quantitative Uncertainty: A Review of Common Approaches, Current Limitations, and Use Cases
	Abstract
	1 Introduction – What Is Uncertainty?
	2 Why Is Uncertainty Important?
	3 Why Is Uncertainty Difficult?
	4 Visualization Examples
		4.1 Color Hue
		4.2 Color Value
		4.3 Grain (Texture)
		4.4 HSI Color Model
	5 Visualizing Uncertainty for Training
	6 Our Approach
	7 Conclusion
	References
Socio-Political Modeling
Negotiating an Inefficient Market: An Agent-Based Model Approach to Property Insurance Claim Negotiations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Model Description
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Hidden Markov Models for Visual Processing of Marketing Leaflets
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of the Experiment
	3 Hidden Markov Models
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Overcoming Inconvenience: How Society Can Incentivize Individual Recycling Behavior; An Agent-Based Model
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Model Implementation
		3.2 Internal Verification
	4 Policy Implications and Conclusion
	References
Identifying New Team Trust and Team Cohesion Metrics that Support Future Human-Autonomy Teams
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Simulation
		2.2 Participants
		2.3 Design
		2.4 Equipment
		2.5 Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Performance
		3.2 Subjective Response
		3.3 Physiological Data
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Feature Selection Modeling on Predicting EV Charging Station Coverage Rate in Southern California
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Feature Selection
		2.1 Descriptive Statistics
		2.2 Feature Selection Modeling
	3 Conclusion and Discussion
	References
Driving Simulators
Psychophysiological Predictors of Motion Sickness in the Driving Simulator
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motion Sickness in the Driving Simulator
		1.2 HI:DAVe
	2 Methods
		2.1 Experimental Procedure
		2.2 Psychophysiological Measures
		2.3 Occurrence of the Motion Sickness
		2.4 Experimental Groups
		2.5 Data Acquisition, Pre-processing, and Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Time-Course of the Whole Experiment
		3.2 Measurement 1 and Training Drive
		3.3 Linear Regression Modelling
	4 Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Characterizing Driver Workload and Attention in a Simulated Automated Vehicle
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Driving Tasks
		2.3 Measures
		2.4 Procedure
	3 Results
		3.1 Workload
		3.2 Visual Attention
	4 Discussion
	References
Comparative Analysis to the Performance of Three Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Routing Protocols in Time-Critical Events of Search and Rescue Missions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation Environment
	3 Results and Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
The Two-Level Complex of Traffic Behavior Assessment Focused on Driving Skills in the Context of Autonomous Driving
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Main Principles for Driving Skills Assessment in the Context of Autonomous Driving
		2.1 Appropriate Self-evaluation – Highest Level of Behavior Correction
		2.2 Appropriate Reactions and Interactions – Achieving the Necessary Degree of Orientation in the New Situation
		2.3 Traffic Sign Awareness – Awareness About Basic Orientation Keys
		2.4 Speed Awareness – Awareness About Time Frame for Decision Making
		2.5 Manual Driving Skills – Basic Level of Vehicle Control
	3 Concrete Assessment of Driving Skills Decrease in the Context of Autonomous Driving
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Validation of Immersive Design Parameters in Driving Simulation Environments
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 User Study
		2.1 Experimental Design
		2.2 Results
	3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Driving Simulator Validation of Machine Learning Classification for a Surface Electromyography-Based Steering Assistance Interface
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Surface Electromyography-Based Interface
	3 Validation Procedures for Machine Learning Classification
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Building Narrative Scenarios for Human-Autonomous Vehicle Interaction Research in Simulators
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation Scenarios and Emerging Problems
	3 Towards Narrative Scenarios for HAI
	4 A Framework of Building Narrative Scenarios for HAI
		4.1 Collecting and Deconstructing Real-World Scenarios
		4.2 Extracting and Categorizing Scenario Elements
		4.3 Rebuilding Narrative Scenarios
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Healthcare and Occupational Safety
Gamification of Hazards Recognition in Mining with a Tabletop Card Game
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Very Good Day: The Hazards Recognition Card Game
		3.1 Game Mechanics
		3.2 Learning and Assessment
	4 Play Testing
		4.1 Methods
		4.2 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Simulation-Based Safety Training for Plant Maintenance in Virtual Reality
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Framework
		2.1 Experiment Procedure
	3 Results
		3.1 Mapping Answers to Research Questions
	4 Discussions of Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Biomechanical Modeling and 3D Simulation of Firefighting Tasks
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Biomechanical Modeling Software
		2.2 Selection of Firefighting Tasks
		2.3 Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation
	3 Biomechanical Analysis Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Disclaimer
	References
Perceptual and Cognitive Processes
Tangible VR Multi-user Simulation Methodology for a Balanced Human System Integration
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 bHSI Methodology
		2.1 Definition of Requirements
		2.2 Mockup Construction
		2.3 Virtual World Creation
		2.4 Simulator Evaluation
	3 Outlook
	References
MiNDesign: Toward a Modeling, Simulation and Evaluation Platform for Human Cognitive Performance
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Cognitive Workload and Performance Quantifying
	3 Cognitive Architecture for MiNDesign
	4 The Roadmap and Framework of MiNDesign
	5 The Cognitive Performance Evaluation Results
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Perception of Terrain Slope in Real and Virtual Environments
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Design
		2.1 Scene Scanning and Modeling in VR
		2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Experiment 1
		3.2 Experiment 2
	4 Discussion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Digital Human Modeling by Women
An Exploratory Analysis of User Needs and Design Issues of Wearable Technology for Monitoring Running Performances
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
How to Enhance Aging People’s Wellness by Means of Human Centered and Co-design Methodology
	Abstract
	1 Global Ageing and Digitalization
	2 Human Centered Design and Co-design
	3 Older Users and Technology
	4 Case Studies
		4.1 Product Level: EllyQ
		4.2 Service Level: Hosting a Student
		4.3 System Level: HABITAT
	5 Conclusions
	References
Potentials and Limitations in the Application of Virtual Ergonomics: A Review of Empirical Studies
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Empirical Studies
		2.1 Cockpit Design
		2.2 Aviation Maintainability
		2.3 Manual Lifting Tasks
		2.4 Assembly Tasks
	3 Virtual Environments
	4 Conclusions
	References
SOOMA - New Developments on Automation of Digital Model Cleaning
	Abstract
	1 Manual Digital Human Model Cleaning
	2 SOOMA’s Algorithms with Noisy Point Clouds
	3 Automated Cleaning Method
		3.1 Segmentation
	4 Cleaning Results
		4.1 Cleaning of Spikes and Scanner Platform Noise
		4.2 Body Hair Noise Cleaning
		4.3 Mesh Fusion Cleaning
	Acknowledgments
	References
Analysis of Surface Segments Deviations Between Different Female Body Types Based on 3D Flattening Method
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Research on Female Body Types and Development of Classification Method
		2.1 3D Body Scanning and Body Shape Analysis
		2.2 Classification Algorithm
	3 Body Surface Analysis Using 3D Flattening Method
		3.1 3D Simulation and Garment Stress Testing
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Motion Capture and Analysis
The Correlation Between Frontal Area and Joint Angles During Cycling
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Test Setup
		2.3 Procedure
		2.4 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Goalkeeper’s Performances Assessed with Action Cameras Based Mocap System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Scientific Background
	3 Method and Tools
		3.1 Active Cameras for Outdoor Acquisition
		3.2 Virtual Avatar Generation and Kinematic Data Analysis
	4 Case Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
A New Assessment for Monitoring Performance in Pianists
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participant
		2.2 Study Protocol in a Case Study
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Evaluation of Golden Gait Approximation Using Smart Clothing
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Protocol and Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Female Torso Shape Classification: Methods and Comparison
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Major PCA Shape Variations in the DCT Space and the 3D Coordinate Space
		3.2 PCA of Torso Measurements
		3.3 Clustering Analysis
	4 Discussions
	References
3D Anthropometry, Shape Modeling and Applied Optimization
Online Management and Query of Multimodal Human Motion and Shape Data
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Human Signature Baseline and Modality Augmentation
	3 Metadata Integration and Data Search and Visualization
	4 Point Cloud Query via TMSD
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Dimension Reduction of Anthropometric Measurements with Support Vector Machine for Regression: Application to a French Military Personnel Database
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Anthropometric Database
		2.2 Evaluation Criterion
		2.3 Minimal Measurement Set Selecting Algorithm Using Support Vector Machine for Regression
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
A Methodology to Create 3D Body Models in Motion
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology to Create 3D Bodies in Motion: Move 4D
		2.1 Move 4D Features
		2.2 Move 4D Outcomes
	3 Future Research Based on 3D Body Avatars in Motion
	Acknowledgment
	References
How the Artificial Neural Network Solves the Muscle Redundancy Problem During Pedaling Motion?
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Physical and Muscle Models
		2.2 Training and Simulations
	3 Results
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Comfort, Perception and Cognitive Modeling
Extraordinary Automated Driving Situations: Probabilistic Analytical Modeling of Human-Systems-Integration (HSI) and the Role of Trust
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis
	3 Conclusions
	References
An Experimental Investigation of Preferred Seat Pressure Distribution
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Experimental Facilities
		2.3 Test Conditions and Procedure
		2.4 Data Processing and Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Robust Markerless 3D Head Tracking of a Vehicle Occupant Using OpenPose
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Data Acquisition
		2.2 Markerless Head Tracking
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Cognitive Load and Stress Assessment of Medical High-Fidelity Simulations for Emergency Management
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Experimental Setting and Data Acquisition
		2.2 Psychophysiological Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Author Index