The Physical Universe

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 The Scientific Method
	How Scientists Study Nature
		1.1 The Scientific Method
		1.2 Why Science Is Successful
	The Solar System
		1.3 A Survey of the Sky
		1.4 The Ptolemaic System
		1.5 The Copernican System
		1.6 Kepler’s Laws
		1.7 Why Copernicus Was Right
	Universal Gravitation
		1.8 What Is Gravity?
		1.9 Why the Earth Is Round
		1.10 The Tides
		1.11 The Discovery of Neptune
	How Many of What
		1.12 The SI System
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
2 Motion
	Describing Motion
		2.1 Speed
		2.2 Vectors
		2.3 Acceleration
		2.4 Distance, Time, and Acceleration
	Acceleration Due to Gravity
		2.5 Free Fall
		2.6 Air Resistance
	Force and Motion
		2.7 First Law of Motion
		2.8 Mass
		2.9 Second Law of Motion
		2.10 Mass and Weight
		2.11 Third Law of Motion
	Gravitation
		2.12 Circular Motion
		2.13 Newton’s Law of Gravity
		2.14 Artificial Satellites
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Important Formulas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
3 Energy
	Work
		3.1 The Meaning of Work
		3.2 Power
	Energy
		3.3 Kinetic Energy
		3.4 Potential Energy
		3.5 Conservation of Energy
		3.6 Mechanical Advantage
		3.7 The Nature of Heat
	Momentum
		3.8 Linear Momentum
		3.9 Rockets
		3.10 Angular Momentum
	Relativity
		3.11 Special Relativity
		3.12 Rest Energy
		3.13 General Relativity
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Important Formulas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
4 Energy and the Future
	The Energy Problem
		4.1 Population and Prosperity
		4.2 Energy Supply and Consumption
		4.3 Climate Change
		4.4 Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect
	Fossil Fuels
		4.5 Liquid Fuels
		4.6 Natural Gas
		4.7 Coal
	Alternative Sources
		4.8 A Nuclear World?
		4.9 Renewable Energy I
		4.10 Renewable Energy II
		4.11 Energy Storage
		4.12 Biofuels
	Strategies For The Future
		4.13 Conservation and Geoengineering
		4.14 What Governments Must Do
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
5 Matter and Heat
	Temperature and Heat
		5.1 Temperature
		5.2 Heat
		5.3 Metabolic Energy
	Fluids
		5.4 Density
		5.5 Pressure
		5.6 Buoyancy
		5.7 The Gas Laws
	Kinetic Theory of Matter
		5.8 Kinetic Theory of Gases
		5.9 Molecular Motion and Temperature
		5.10 Heat Transfer
	Changes of State
		5.11 Liquids and Solids
		5.12 Evaporation and Boiling
		5.13 Melting
	Energy Transformations
		5.14 Heat Engines
		5.15 Thermodynamics
		5.16 Fate of the Universe
		5.17 Entropy
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Important Formulas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
6 Electricity and Magnetism
	Electric Charge
		6.1 Positive and Negative Charge
		6.2 What Is Charge?
		6.3 Coulomb’s Law
		6.4 Force on an Uncharged Object
	Electricity and Matter
		6.5 Matter in Bulk
		6.6 Conductors and Insulators
		6.7 Superconductivity
	Electric Current
		6.8 The Ampere
		6.9 Potential Difference
		6.10 Ohm’s Law
		6.11 Electric Power
	Magnetism
		6.12 Magnets
		6.13 Magnetic Field
		6.14 Oersted’s Experiment
		6.15 Electromagnets
	Using Magnetism
		6.16 Magnetic Force on a Current
		6.17 Electric Motors
		6.18 Electromagnetic Induction
		6.19 Transformers
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Important Formulas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
7 Waves
	Wave Motion
		7.1 Water Waves
		7.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
		7.3 Describing Waves
		7.4 Standing Waves
	Sound Waves
		7.5 Sound
		7.6 Doppler Effect
		7.7 Musical Sounds
	Electromagnetic Waves
		7.8 Electromagnetic Waves
		7.9 Types of EM Waves
		7.10 Light “Rays”
	Wave Behavior
		7.11 Reflection
		7.12 Refraction
		7.13 Lenses
		7.14 The Eye
		7.15 Color
		7.16 Interference
		7.17 Diffraction
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Important Formulas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
8 The Nucleus
	Atom and Nucleus
		8.1 Rutherford Model of the Atom
		8.2 Nuclear Structure
	Radioactivity
		8.3 Radioactive Decay
		8.4 Half-Life
		8.5 Radiation Hazards
	Nuclear Energy
		8.6 Units of Mass and Energy
		8.7 Binding Energy
		8.8 Binding Energy per Nucleon
	Fission and Fusion
		8.9 Nuclear Fission
		8.10 How a Reactor Works
		8.11 Reactor Accidents
		8.12 Plutonium
		8.13 Nuclear Fusion
	Elementary Particles
		8.14 Antiparticles
		8.15 Fundamental Interactions
		8.16 Leptons and Hadrons
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
9 The Atom
	Quantum Theory of Light
		9.1 Photoelectric Effect
		9.2 Photons
		9.3 What Is Light?
		9.4 X-Rays
	Matter Waves
		9.5 De Broglie Waves
		9.6 Waves of What?
		9.7 Uncertainty Principle
	The Hydrogen Atom
		9.8 Atomic Spectra
		9.9 The Bohr Model
		9.10 Electron Waves and Orbits
		9.11 The Laser
	Quantum Theory of the Atom
		9.12 Quantum Mechanics
		9.13 Quantum Numbers
		9.14 Exclusion Principle
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Important Formulas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
10 The Periodic Law
	Elements and Compounds
		10.1 Chemical Change
		10.2 Three Classes of Matter
		10.3 The Atomic Theory
	The Periodic Law
		10.4 Metals and Nonmetals
		10.5 Chemical Activity
		10.6 Families of Elements
		10.7 The Periodic Table
		10.8 Groups and Periods
	Atomic Structure
		10.9 Shells and Subshells
		10.10 Explaining the Periodic Table
	Chemical Bonds
		10.11 Types of Bonds
		10.12 Covalent Bonding
		10.13 Ionic Bonding
		10.14 Ionic Compounds
		10.15 Naming Compounds
		10.16 Chemical Equations
		10.17 Types of Chemical Reactions
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
11 Crystals, Ions, and Solutions
	Solids
		11.1 Ionic and Covalent Crystals
		11.2 The Metallic Bond
		11.3 Molecular Crystals
	Solutions
		11.4 Solubility
		11.5 Polar and Nonpolar Liquids
		11.6 Ions in Solution
		11.7 Evidence for Dissociation
		11.8 Water
		11.9 Water Pollution
	Acids and Bases
		11.10 Acids
		11.11 Strong and Weak Acids
		11.12 Bases
		11.13 The pH Scale
		11.14 Salts
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
12 Chemical Reactions
	Quantitative Chemistry
		12.1 Phlogiston
		12.2 Oxygen
		12.3 The Mole
		12.4 Formula Units
	Chemical Energy
		12.5 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
		12.6 Chemical Energy and Stability
		12.7 Activation Energy
	Reaction Rates
		12.8 Temperature and Reaction Rates
		12.9 Other Factors
		12.10 Chemical Equilibrium
		12.11 Altering an Equilibrium
	Oxidation and Reduction
		12.12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
		12.13 Electrochemical Cells
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
13 Organic Chemistry
	Carbon Compounds
		13.1 Carbon Bonds
		13.2 Alkanes
		13.3 Petroleum Products
	Structures of Organic Molecules
		13.4 Structural Formulas
		13.5 Isomers
		13.6 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
		13.7 Benzene
	Organic Compounds
		13.8 Hydrocarbon Groups
		13.9 Functional Groups
		13.10 Polymers
	Chemistry of Life
		13.11 Carbohydrates
		13.12 Photosynthesis
		13.13 Lipids
		13.14 Proteins
		13.15 Soil Nitrogen
		13.16 Nucleic Acids
		13.17 Origin of Life
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
14 Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
	The Atmosphere
		14.1 Regions of the Atmosphere
		14.2 Atmospheric Moisture
		14.3 Clouds
	Weather
		14.4 Atmospheric Energy
		14.5 The Seasons
		14.6 Winds
		14.7 General Circulation of the Atmosphere
		14.8 Middle-Latitude Weather Systems
	Climate
		14.9 Tropical Climates
		14.10 Middle- and High-Latitude Climates
		14.11 Climate Change
	The Hydrosphere
		14.12 Ocean Basins
		14.13 Ocean Currents
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
15 The Rock Cycle
	Rocks
		15.1 Composition of the Crust
		15.2 Minerals
		15.3 Igneous Rocks
		15.4 Sedimentary Rocks
		15.5 Metamorphic Rocks
	Within the Earth
		15.6 Earthquakes
		15.7 Structure of the Earth
		15.8 The Earth’s Interior
		15.9 Geomagnetism
	Erosion
		15.10 Weathering
		15.11 Stream Erosion
		15.12 Glaciers
		15.13 Groundwater
		15.14 Sedimentation
	Vulcanism
		15.15 Volcanoes
		15.16 Intrusive Rocks
		15.17 The Rock Cycle
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
16 The Evolving Earth
	Tectonic Movement
		16.1 Types of Deformation
		16.2 Mountain Building
		16.3 Continental Drift
	Plate Tectonics
		16.4 Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
		16.5 The Ocean Floors
		16.6 Ocean-Floor Spreading
		16.7 Plate Tectonics
	Methods of Historical Geology
		16.8 Principle of Uniform Change
		16.9 Rock Formations
		16.10 Radiometric Dating
		16.11 Fossils
		16.12 Geologic Time
	Earth History
		16.13 Precambrian Time
		16.14 The Paleozoic Era
		16.15 Coal and Petroleum
		16.16 The Mesozoic Era
		16.17 The Cenozoic Era
		16.18 Human History
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
17 The Solar System
	The Family of the Sun
		17.1 The Solar System
		17.2 Comets
		17.3 Meteors
	The Inner Planets
		17.4 Mercury
		17.5 Venus
		17.6 Mars
		17.7 Is There Life on Mars?
		17.8 Asteroids
	The Outer Planets
		17.9 Jupiter
		17.10 Saturn
		17.11 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and More
	The Moon
		17.12 Phases of the Moon
		17.13 Eclipses
		17.14 Lunar Surface and Interior
		17.15 Evolution of the Lunar Landscape
		17.16 Origin of the Moon
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
18 The Stars
	Tools of Astronomy
		18.1 The Telescope
		18.2 The Spectrometer
		18.3 Spectrum Analysis
	The Sun
		18.4 Properties of the Sun
		18.5 The Aurora
		18.6 Sunspots
		18.7 Solar Energy
	The Stars
		18.8 Stellar Distances
		18.9 Variable Stars
		18.10 Stellar Motions
		18.11 Stellar Properties
	Life Histories of the Stars
		18.12 H-R Diagram
		18.13 Stellar Evolution
		18.14 Supernovas
		18.15 Pulsars
		18.16 Black Holes
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
19 The Universe
	Galaxies
		19.1 The Milky Way
		19.2 Stellar Populations
		19.3 Radio Astronomy
		19.4 Galaxies
		19.5 Cosmic Rays
	The Expanding Universe
		19.6 Red Shifts
		19.7 Quasars
	Evolution of the Universe
		19.8 Dating the Universe
		19.9 After the Big Bang
		19.10 Origin of the Solar System
	Extraterrestrial Life
		19.11 Exoplanets
		19.12 Interstellar Travel
		19.13 Interstellar Communication
	Important Terms and Ideas
	Multiple Choice
	Exercises
Math Refresher
The Elements
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises
Index