Advanced Processing, Properties, and Applications of Starch and Other Bio-based Polymers

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Advanced Processing, Properties, and Applications of Starch and Other Bio-Based Polymers
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List of Contributors
1. Biopolymer Composites and Sustainability
	1. Introduction
	2. Plastic
		2.1 Origin of Plastics
		2.2 Applications of Plastics
		2.3 Chemical Pollution from Plastics
		2.4 Initiatives Against Plastics Pollution
	3. Renewable-Based Plastics
	4. Starch-Based Bioplastics
	5. Biopolyesters
	6. Biocomposites and Bio-Nanocomposites
	7. Sustainability
		7.1 Types of Bioplastics to Develop Sustainable Industry
			7.1.1 Starch-based plastics
			7.1.2 Cellulose-based plastics
			7.1.3 Protein-based plastics
		7.2 Environmental Impact
		7.3 Biodegradation of Bioplastics
	8. Conclusions
	References
2. Processing of Thermoplastic Starch
	1. Introduction
	2. Biopolymers
		2.1 Categorization of Biopolymers
	3. Starch
		3.1 Application of Starch
		3.2 Thermoplastic Starch
		3.3 Processing of Thermoplastic Starch
			3.3.1 Hot press
			3.3.2 Solution casting
			3.3.3 Injection molding
	4. Processing of Thermoplastic Starch Composites
	5. Conclusions
	References
3. Natural Polylactic Acid-Based Fiber Composites: A Review
	1. Introduction
	2. Natural Fibers
		2.1 Plant Fibers
	3. Polylactic Acid
	4. Natural Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Composites
		4.1 Short Fibers Reinforced PLA Composites
		4.2 Particle Reinforced PLA Composites
		4.3 Woven Fabrics Reinforced PLA Composites
		4.4 Natural Fiber Reinforced PLA Hybrid Composites
			4.4.1 Fiber hybrid composites
			4.4.2 Woven fabric hybrid composites
	5. Pretreatment of Natural Fibers
		5.1 Retting Treatment
			5.1.1 Water retting
			5.1.2 Enzymatic retting
		5.2 Chemical Treatment
			5.2.1 Alkaline treatment
			5.2.2 Alkali and silane treatment
			5.2.3 Hydrogen peroxide
	6. Processing Methods
		6.1 Injection Molding
		6.2 Compression Molding
	7. Mechanical Properties of NFR/PLA
	8. Application of NFRC
		8.1 Packaging
		8.2 Structural Application
		8.3 Automotive Application
	9. Conclusion
	References
4. Processing and Characterization of Cornstalk/Sugar Palm Fiber Reinforced Cornstarch Biopolymer Hybrid Composites
	1. Introduction
	2. Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Samples Preparation
		2.3 Thickness and Density (ρ)
		2.4 Moisture Content
		2.5 Water Solubility
		2.6 Water Vapor Permeability
		2.7 Scanning Electron Microscope
		2.8 Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
		2.9 X-ray Diffraction
		2.10 Thermogravimetric Analysis
		2.11 Tensile Testing
	3. Results and Discussion
		3.1 Thickness and Density
		3.2 Moisture Content
		3.3 Water Solubility
		3.4 Water Barrier Properties
		3.5 Morphological Properties
		3.6 FTIR Analysis
		3.7 X-ray Diffraction Analysis
		3.8 Thermal Stability Properties
		3.9 Tensile Characteristics
	4. Conclusions
	References
5. Development and Processing of PLA, PHA, and Other Biopolymers
	1. Introduction
	2. Processing Properties of Biopolymers
		2.1 PLA
		2.2 PHA
	3. Biopolymers Processing and its Development
		3.1 Extrusion
		3.2 Injection Molding
		3.3 Blow Molding
		3.4 Thermoforming
		3.5 3D Printing
	4. Developments for PLA and PHA Polymer\'s Applications
	5. Conclusion
	References
6. Nanocellulose/Starch Biopolymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Manufacturing, and Applications
	1. Introduction
	2. Nanocellulose
	3. Classification of Nanocellulose
		3.1 Cellulose Nanofiber
		3.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals
		3.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose
	4. Starch Biopolymer
	5. Nanocellulose Reinforced Starch Biopolymer Composites
	6. Preparation and Processing of Nanocellulose Reinforced Starch Biopolymer Composite
	7. Mechanical, Morphological, and Physical Properties of Nanocellulose Reinforced Starch Biopolymer
	8. Potential Applications
	9. Conclusions
	References
7. Mechanical Testing of Sugar Palm Fiber Reinforced Sugar Palm Biopolymer Composites
	1. Introduction
	2. Sugar Palm Fibers
		2.1 Morphological, Physical, and Chemical Analysis of Macro-, Micro-, and Nano-Sized Sugar Palm Fibers
	3. Sugar Palm Starch
	4. Sugar Palm Fiber-Sugar Palm Starch Biopolymer Composites
	5. Macrosize Sugar Palm Fiber-Sugar Palm Starch Biopolymer Composites
	6. Microsize Sugar Palm Fiber-Sugar Palm Starch Biopolymer Composites
	7. Nanosize Sugar Palm Fiber-Sugar Palm Starch Biopolymer Composites
	8. Conclusions
	References
8. Properties and Characterization of PLA, PHA, and Other Types of Biopolymer Composites
	1. Introduction
	2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
		2.1 Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
		2.2 Advantages of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
		2.3 Application of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
	3. Polylactic Acid
		3.1 Advantages of Polylactic Acid
		3.2 Disadvantages of Polylactic Acid
		3.3 Application of Polylactic Acid
	4. Starch
		4.1 Properties of Starch
		4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Starch Biopolymer
		4.3 Application of Starch Biopolymer
	5. Protein
		5.1 Properties of Protein Biopolymer
		5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Protein Biopolymer
		5.3 Application of Protein Biopolymer
	6. Chitin and Chitosan
		6.1 Properties of Chitin and Chitosan
		6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Chitin and Chitosan
		6.3 Application of Chitin and Chitosan
	7. Poly(Butylene Succinate)
		7.1 Properties of PBS
		7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of PBS
		7.3 Application of PBS
	8. Summary and Future Perspectives
	References
9. Electrospun Cellulose Acetate Nanofiber: Characterization and Applications
	1. Introduction
	2. Overview of Electrospinning
	3. Optimizing Parameters of Electrospinning
	4. Polymers in Electrospinning
	5. Background of Cellulose Acetate in Electrospinning
	6. Characterizations of Cellulose Acetate Nanofiber
		6.1 FESEM Study for Cellulose Acetate
		6.2 Rheological Analysis of Cellulose Acetate Solution
		6.3 Swelling Behavior Study
		6.4 FTIR Study of Cellulose Acetate Fiber
		6.5 XPS Analysis of Cellulose Acetate
		6.6 Thermal Analysis of Cellulose Acetate Fiber by DSC and TGA
		6.7 Hydrophilicity Study of Electrospun Cellulose Acetate
		6.8 X-Ray Diffractometry of Cellulose Acetate Fiber
		6.9 UV-Vis Spectroscopy
		6.10 NMR Spectroscopy Analysis
		6.11 Tensile Testing of Cellulose Acetate Fiber
		6.12 TLC of Electrospun Cellulose Acetate Fiber
		6.13 DLS Analysis for Stability Analysis
		6.14 AFM Analysis
		6.15 Raman Spectroscopy
	7. Applications of Cellulose Acetate Fiber
		7.1 Immobilization of Bioactive Substance
		7.2 Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering
		7.3 Biosensor Application
		7.4 Nanomaterials Loaded Antimicrobial Mat
		7.5 Temperature Adaptable Fabrics
	8. Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
10. Medical Implementations of Biopolymers
	1. Cross-Linking Biopolymers for Medical Applications
		1.1 Biomaterials, Cross-linkers, and the Need for Cross-Linking
		1.2 Cross-Linking Biopolymers to Form Films
		1.3 Porous Structures and Cross-Linking of Biomaterials
		1.4 Cross-linking of Biopolymeric Hydrogels
		1.5 Cross-Linking of Coarse (Regular) Fibers
		1.6 Cross-Linking of Ultrafine Fibers
		1.7 Cross-Linking Micro- and Nanoparticles
	2. Biopolymers Applications for Bone Regeneration
	3. Applications of Biopolymers and Calcium Phosphate Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering
		3.1 Natural Biopolymers Uses in BTE
		3.2 Scaffolds Including Calcium Phosphate
	4. Biopolymers and Supramolecular Polymers Applications
		4.1 Structure and Organization of Protein Biopolymers
		4.2 Bioinspired Supramolecular Polymers
	5. Biopolymers Applications for Diseases Therapy
		5.1 Polymeric Biomaterials in Ophthalmology
		5.2 Polymeric Biomaterials in Orthopedics
		5.3 Polymeric Biomaterials for Cardiovascular Diseases Therapy
		5.4 Polymeric Biomaterials for Wound Closure
		5.5 Polymeric Biomaterials for Nerve Regeneration
	6. Biodegradable Polymers
		6.1 Polylactide
			6.1.1 PLA formation
			6.1.2 Properties of PLA
		6.2 Medical Applications of PLA
		6.3 PLA Packaging Applications
	7. Biopolymer Green Lubricant for Sustainable Manufacturing
		7.1 Green Lubricant
		7.2 Raman Spectroscopy and EDS Analysis
			7.2.1 Tribology test
			7.2.2 Zebrafish embryo toxicity test
	8. Conclusions
	References
11. Modern Electrical Applications of Biopolymers
	1. Introduction
	2. Organic Thin Film Transistors
	3. Organic Light-emitting Diodes and Flexible Displays
	4. Biosensors and Actuators
	5. Supercapacitors
	6. Photodiodes, Phototransistors, and Photovoltaic Solar Cells
	7. Other Electrical Applications of Biopolymers
	8. Conclusions
	References
12. Biopolymers in Building Materials
	1. Introduction
	2. Polymer Concrete
	3. Lignin-Based Biopolymer
	4. Starch-Based Polymer
	5. Protein-Based Biopolymer
	6. Biopolymer From Soil
	7. Xanthan Gum
	8. Conclusions
	References
13. Biopolymers for Sustainable Packaging in Food, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceuticals
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Biodegradable Plastics
		1.2 Bioplastic
		1.3 Compostable
		1.4 Biopolymers
	2. Biopolymers in Food Packaging
		2.1 Solid/Dry Food Packaging
		2.2 Liquid Food Packaging
		2.3 Polysaccharides for Food Packaging
			2.3.1 Alginate
			2.3.2 Carrageenan
			2.3.3 Cellulose
			2.3.4 Chitin/chitosan
			2.3.5 Curdlan
			2.3.6 Gellan
			2.3.7 Pectin
			2.3.8 Pullulan
			2.3.9 Starch
			2.3.10 Xanthan
		2.4 Proteins for Food Packaging
			2.4.1 Collagen
			2.4.2 Gelatin
			2.4.3 Soy protein
			2.4.4 Whey protein
			2.4.5 Zein
	3. Aliphatic Polyesters for Food Packaging
		3.1 Polylactic Acid
		3.2 Polyhydroxybutyrate
	4. Biopolymers in Cosmetic Packaging
		4.1 PolyLactic Acid
		4.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
		4.3 Polysaccharides
	5. Biopolymers in Pharmaceutical Packaging
	6. Biodegradable Pharmaceutical Packaging Materials
	7. Conclusions
	References
Index
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