Ubuntu Linux Unleashed 2021 Edition, 14th Edition

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents at a Glance
Table of Contents
Introduction
Part I: Getting Started
	1 Installing Ubuntu and Post-Installation Configuration
		Before You Begin the Installation
			Researching Your Hardware Specifications
			Installation Options
			32-Bit Versus 64-Bit Ubuntu
			Planning Partition Strategies
			The Boot Loader
			Installing from DVD or USB Drive
		Step-by-Step Installation
			Installing
			First Update
		Shutting Down
		Finding Programs and Files
		Software Updater
		The sudo Command
		Configuring Software Repositories
		System Settings
			Detecting and Configuring a Printer
			Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu
			Setting the Time and Date
		Configuring Wireless Networks
		Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems
		References
	2 Background Information and Resources
		What Is Linux?
		Why Use Linux?
		What Is Ubuntu?
		Ubuntu for Business
		Ubuntu in Your Home
		Getting the Most from Linux and Ubuntu Documentation
			Linux
			Ubuntu
Part II: Desktop Ubuntu
	3 Foundations of the Linux GUI
		Foundations and the X Server
			Basic X Concepts
			Using X
			Elements of the xorg.conf File
		Starting X
			Using a Display Manager
			Changing Window Managers
		References
	4 Ubuntu Desktop Options
		Desktop Environment
		Using GNOME: A Primer
		KDE and Kubuntu
		Xfce and Xubuntu
		LXDE and Lubuntu
		MATE and Ubuntu MATE
		Ubuntu Budgie
		Ubuntu Kylin
		References
	5 On the Internet
		Getting Started with Firefox
		Checking Out Google Chrome and Chromium
		References
	6 Productivity Applications
		Introducing LibreOffice
		Other Useful Productivity Software
			Working with PDFs
			Writing Scripts
			Working with XML and DocBook
			Working with LaTeX
			Creating Mind Maps
		Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows
		References
	7 Multimedia Applications
		Sound and Music
			Sound Cards
			Sound Formats
			Listening to Music
		Graphics Manipulation
			The GNU Image Manipulation Program
			Using Scanners in Ubuntu
			Working with Graphics Formats
			Capturing Screen Images
			Other Graphics Manipulation Options
		Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu
			Handheld Digital Cameras
			Using Shotwell Photo Manager
		Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu
			Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero
			Creating CDs from the Command Line
			Creating DVDs from the Command Line
		Viewing Video
			Video Formats
			Viewing Video in Linux
		Recording and Editing Audio
		Editing Video
		References
	8 Games
		Ubuntu Gaming
		Installing Proprietary Video Drivers
		Online Game Sources
			Steam
			GOG.com
			Humble
			itch.io
			LGDB
			Game Jolt
		Installing Games from the Ubuntu Repositories
			Warsow
			Scorched 3D
			Frozen Bubble
			SuperTux
			Battle for Wesnoth
			Frets on Fire
			FlightGear
			Speed Dreams
			Games for Kids
			Commercial Games
		Playing Windows Games
		References
Part III: System Administration
	9 Managing Software
		Ubuntu Software
		Using Synaptic for Software Management
		Staying Up to Date
		Working on the Command Line
			Day-to-Day APT Usage
			Finding Software
			Using apt-get Instead of apt
		Compiling Software from Source
			Compiling from a Tarball
			Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories
		Configuration Management
			dotdee
			Ubuntu Core
		Using the Snappy Package Manager
		References
	10 Command-Line Beginner’s Class
		What Is the Command Line?
		Accessing the Command Line
			Text-Based Console Login
			Logging Out
			Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer
		User Accounts
		Reading Documentation
			Using Man Pages
			Using apropros
			Using whereis
		Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy
			Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin
			Configuration Files in /etc
			User Directories: /home
			Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact with or Obtain Information from the Kernel
			Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory
			Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory
			Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory
		Navigating the Linux File System
			Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls
			Changing Directories with cd
			Finding Your Current Directory with pwd
		Working with Permissions
			Assigning Permissions
			Directory Permissions
			Altering File Permissions with chmod
			File Permissions with umask
			File Permissions with chgrp
			Changing File Permissions with chown
			Understanding Set User ID, Set Group ID, and Sticky Bit Permissions
			Setting Permissions with Access Control Lists
		Working with Files
			Creating a File with touch
			Creating a Directory with mkdir
			Deleting a Directory with rmdir
			Deleting a File or Directory with rm
			Moving or Renaming a File with mv
			Copying a File with cp
			Displaying the Contents of a File with cat
			Displaying the Contents of a File with less
			Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions
		Working as Root
			Understanding and Fixing sudo
			Creating Users
			Deleting Users
			Shutting Down the System
			Rebooting the System
		Commonly Used Commands and Programs
		References
	11 Command-Line Master Class, Part 1
		Why Use the Command Line?
		Using Basic Commands
			Printing the Contents of a File with cat
			Changing Directories with cd
			Changing File Access Permissions with chmod
			Copying Files with cp
			Printing Disk Usage with du
			Using echo
			Finding Files by Searching with find
			Searches for a String in Input with grep
			Paging Through Output with less
			Creating Links Between Files with ln
			Finding Files from an Index with locate
			Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls
			Listing System Information with lsblk, lshw, lsmod, lspci, and neofetch
			Reading Manual Pages with man
			Making Directories with mkdir
			Moving Files with mv
			Renaming Files with rename
			Deleting Files and Directories with rm
			Sorting the Contents of a File with sort
			Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail
			Printing the Location of a Command with which
			Downloading Files with wget
		References
	12 Command-Line Master Class, Part 2
		Redirecting Output and Input
		stdin, stdout, stderr, and Redirection
		Comparing Files
			Finding Differences in Files with diff
			Finding Similarities in Files with comm
		Limiting Resource Use and Job Control
			Listing Processes with ps
			Listing Jobs with jobs
			Running One or More Tasks in the Background
			Moving Jobs to the Background or Foreground with bg and fg
			Printing Resource Usage with top
			Setting Process Priority with nice
		Combining Commands
			Pipes
			Combining Commands with Boolean Operators
			Running Separate Commands in Sequence
			Process Substitution
		Executing Jobs in Parallel
		Using Environment Variables
		Using Common Text Editors
			Working with nano
			Working with vi
			Working with emacs
			Working with sed and awk
		Working with Compressed Files
		Using Multiple Terminals with byobu
		Doing a Polite System Reset Using REISUB
		Fixing an Ubuntu System That Will Not Boot
			Checking BIOS
			Checking GRUB
			Reinstalling GRUB
			Using Recovery Mode
			Reinstalling Ubuntu
		Tips and Tricks
			Running the Previous Command
			Running Any Previous Command
			Running a Previous Command That Started with Specific Letters
			Running the Same Thing You Just Ran with a Different First Word
			Viewing Your History and More
			Doing Two or More Things
			Using Shortcuts
			Confining a Script to a Directory
			Using Coreutils
			Reading the Contents of the Kernel Ring Buffer with dmesg
		References
	13 Managing Users
		User Accounts
			The Super User/Root User
			User IDs and Group IDs
			File Permissions
		Managing Groups
			Group Listing
			Group Management Tools
		Managing Users
			User Management Tools
			Adding New Users
			Monitoring User Activity on the System
		Managing Passwords
			System Password Policy
			The Password File
			Shadow Passwords
			Managing Password Security for Users
			Changing Passwords in a Batch
		Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users
			Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command
			Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command
		Disk Quotas
			Implementing Quotas
			Manually Configuring Quotas
		Related Ubuntu Commands
		References
	14 Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting
		What Is a Shell?
		Scheduling Tasks
			Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later
			Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly
			Using rtcwake to Wake Your Computer from Sleep Automatically
		Basic Shell Control
			The Shell Command Line
			Shell Pattern-Matching Support
			Redirecting Input and Output
			Piping Data
			Background Processing
		Writing and Executing a Shell Script
			Running the New Shell Program
			Storing Shell Scripts for System-wide Access
			Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells
			Using Variables in Shell Scripts
			Assigning a Value to a Variable
			Accessing Variable Values
			Positional Parameters
			A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter
			Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve Variables from the Command Line
			Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks
			Built-in Variables
			Special Characters
			Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash
			Comparing Expressions with tcsh
			The for Statement
			The while Statement
			The until Statement
			The repeat Statement (tcsh)
			The select Statement (pdksh)
			The shift Statement
			The if Statement
			The expr Statement
			The case Statement
			The break and exit Statements
			Using Functions in Shell Scripts
		References
	15 The Boot Process
		Running Services at Boot
		Beginning the Boot Loading Process
		Loading the Linux Kernel
		Starting and Stopping Services with systemd
			Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools
			Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems
		Boot-Repair
		References
	16 System-Monitoring Tools
		Console-Based Monitoring
			Using the kill Command to Control Processes
			Using Priority Scheduling and Control
			Displaying Free and Used Memory with free
			Disk Space
			Disk Quotas
			Checking Log Files
			Rotating Log Files
		Graphical Process- and System-Management Tools
			System Monitor
			Conky
			Other Graphical Process- and System-Monitoring Tools
		KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools
		Enterprise Server Monitoring
		References
	17 Backing Up
		Choosing a Backup Strategy
			Why Data Loss Occurs
			Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources
			Evaluating Backup Strategies
			Making the Choice
		Choosing Backup Hardware and Media
			External Hard Drive
			Network Storage
			Tape Drive Backups
			Cloud Storage
		Using Backup Software
			tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool
			The GNOME File Roller
			The KDE ark Archiving Tool
			Déjà Dup
			Back In Time
			Unison
			Amanda
			Alternative Backup Software
		Copying Files
			Copying Files Using tar
			Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams
			Copying Files Using cp
			Using rsync
		Version Control for Configuration Files
		System Rescue
			The Ubuntu Rescue Disc
			Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader
			Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive
		References
	18 Networking
		Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface
			Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface
			Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually
		Checking Connections with ping, traceroute, and mtr
		Networking with TCP/IP
			TCP/IP Addressing
			Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu
			Ports
		IPv6 Basics
		Network Organization
			Subnetting
			Subnet Masks
			Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing
		Hardware Devices for Networking
			Network Interface Cards
			Network Cable
			Hubs and Switches
			Routers and Bridges
			Initializing New Network Hardware
		Using Network Configuration Tools
			Command-Line Network Interface Configuration
			Network Configuration Files
			Using Graphical Configuration Tools
		Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
			How DHCP Works
			Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time
			DHCP Software Installation and Configuration
			Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts
			Other Uses for DHCP
		Wireless Networking
			Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu
			Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols
		Beyond the Network and onto the Internet
		Common Configuration Information
			Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access
			Understanding PPP over Ethernet
			Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually
			Configuring Dial-up Internet Access
			Troubleshooting Connection Problems
		References
	19 Remote Access with SSH and VNC
		Setting Up an SSH Server
		SSH Tools
			Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines
			Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines
			Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins
		Virtual Network Computing
		Guacamole
		References
	20 Securing Your Machines
		Understanding Computer Attacks
		Assessing Your Vulnerability
		Protecting Your Machine
			Securing a Wireless Network
			Passwords and Physical Security
			Configuring and Using Tripwire
			Securing Devices
		Viruses
		Configuring Your Firewall
		AppArmor
		Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan
		References
	21 Performance Tuning
		Storage Disk
			Linux File Systems
			The hdparm Command
			File System Tuning
			The tune2fs Command
			The e2fsck Command
			The badblocks Command
			Disabling File Access Time
		Kernel
		Tuned
		References
	22 Kernel and Module Management
		The Linux Kernel
			The Linux Source Tree
			Types of Kernels
		Managing Modules
		When to Recompile
		Kernel Versions
		Obtaining the Kernel Sources
		Patching the Kernel
		Compiling the Kernel
			Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel
			Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image
		When Something Goes Wrong
			Errors During Compile
			Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops
		References
Part IV: Ubuntu as a Server
	23 Sharing Files and Printers
		Using Network File System
			Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS
			NFS Server Configuration
			NFS Client Configuration
		Putting Samba to Work
			Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf
			Testing Samba with the testparm Command
			Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon
			Mounting Samba Shares
		Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu
			Creating Network Printers
			Using the CUPS GUI
			Avoiding Printer Support Problems
		References
	24 Common Web Server Stacks
		LAMP
		LEMP
		MEAN
		References
	25 Apache Web Server Management
		About the Apache Web Server
		Installing the Apache Server
			Starting and Stopping Apache
		Runtime Server Configuration Settings
			Runtime Configuration Directives
			Editing apache2.conf
			Apache Multiprocessing Modules
			Using .htaccess Configuration Files
		File System Authentication and Access Control
			Restricting Access with Require
			Authentication
			Final Words on Access Control
		Apache Modules
			mod_access
			mod_alias
			mod_asis
			mod_auth
			mod_auth_anon
			mod_auth_dbm
			mod_auth_digest
			mod_autoindex
			mod_cgi
			mod_dir and mod_env
			mod_expires
			mod_headers
			mod_include
			mod_info and mod_log_config
			mod_mime and mod_mime_magic
			mod_negotiation
			mod_proxy
			mod_rewrite
			mod_setenvif
			mod_speling
			mod_status
			mod_ssl
			mod_unique_id
			mod_userdir
			mod_usertrack
			mod_vhost_alias
		Virtual Hosting
			Address-Based Virtual Hosts
			Name-Based Virtual Hosts
		Logging
		HTTPS
		References
	26 Nginx Web Server Management
		About the Nginx Web Server
		Installing the Nginx Server
			Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories
			Building the Source Yourself
		Configuring the Nginx Server
		Virtual Hosting
		Setting Up PHP
		Adding and Configuring Modules
		HTTPS
		Reference
	27 Other HTTP Servers
		lighttpd
		Yaws
		Cherokee
		Jetty
		thttpd
		Apache Tomcat
		WildFly
		Caddy
		References
	28 Administering Relational Database Services
		A Brief Review of Database Basics
			How Relational Databases Work
			Understanding SQL Basics
			Creating Tables
			Inserting Data into Tables
			Retrieving Data from a Database
		Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL
			Speed
			Data Locking
			ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity
			SQL Subqueries
			Procedural Languages and Triggers
		Configuring MySQL
			Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User
			Creating a Database in MySQL
		Configuring PostgreSQL
			Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL
			Creating a Database in PostgreSQL
			Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL
			Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL
			Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL
		Database Clients
			SSH Access to a Database
			Local GUI Client Access to a Database
			Web Access to a Database
			The MySQL Command-Line Client
			The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client
			Graphical Clients
		References
	29 NoSQL Databases
		Key/Value Stores
			Berkeley DB
			Cassandra
			etcd
			Memcached and MemcacheDB
			Redis
			Riak
			Scylla
		Document Stores
			CouchDB
			MongoDB
			BaseX
		Wide Column Stores
			BigTable
			HBase
		Graph Stores
			Neo4j
			OrientDB
			HyperGraphDB
			FlockDB
		References
	30 Virtualization on Ubuntu
		KVM
		VirtualBox
		VMware
		Xen
		References
	31 Containers and Ubuntu
		LXC and LXD
		Docker
		Kubernetes
		References
	32 Ubuntu and Cloud Computing
		Why a Cloud?
			Software as a Service (SaaS)
			Platform as a Service (PaaS)
			Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
			Metal as a Service (MaaS)
			Things to Consider Before You Make Any Decisions
		Ubuntu on the Public Cloud
			OpenStack
			Amazon Web Services
			Google Cloud
			Microsoft Azure
			Hybrid Clouds
		Canonical-Specific Cloud Offerings
			Juju
			Mojo: Continuous Delivery for Juju
			Landscape
		References
	33 Managing Sets of Servers
		Puppet
		Chef
		Ansible
		SaltStack
		CFEngine
		Juju
		Landscape
		References
	34 Handling Email
		How Email Is Sent and Received
			The Mail Transport Agent
			Choosing an MTA
			The Mail Delivery Agent
			The Mail User Agent
		Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation
			Configuring Masquerading
			Using Smart Hosts
			Setting Message Delivery Intervals
			Mail Relaying
			Forwarding Email with Aliases
		Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail
			Installing Fetchmail
			Configuring Fetchmail
		Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent
			Procmail
			Spamassassin
			Squirrelmail
			Virus Scanners
			Autoresponders
		References
	35 Proxying, Reverse Proxying, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
		What Is a Proxy Server?
		Installing Squid
		Configuring Clients
		Access Control Lists
		Specifying Client IP Addresses
		Sample Configurations
		Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
			Setting Up a VPN Client
			Setting Up a VPN Server
		References
	36 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
		Configuring the Server
			Creating Your Schema
			Populating Your Directory
		Configuring Clients
		LDAP Administration
		References
	37 Name Serving with the Domain Name System (DNS)
		Understanding Domain Names
			DNS Servers
			DNS Records
		Setting Up a DNS Server with BIND
		References
Part V: Programming Linux
	38 Using Programming Tools
		Programming in C with Linux
		Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu
			Building Programs with make
			Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code
			Debugging Tools
		Using the GNU C Compiler
		Programming in Java with Linux
		Graphical Development Tools
			IDEs and SDKs
			Using the KDevelop Client
			The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME
		Beginning Mobile Development for Android
			Hardware
			Linux Kernel
			Libraries
			Android Runtime
			Application Framework
			Applications
			Installing Android Studio
			Creating Your First Android Application
		Version Control Systems
			Managing Software Projects with Git
			Managing Software Projects with Bazaar
			Managing Software Projects with Subversion
		Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery and DevOps Tools
			CI/CD Tools
			Chaos Engineering
		Canonical-created Tools
			Launchpad
			Ubuntu Make
			Creating Snap Packages
			Bikeshed and Other Tools
		References
	39 Using Popular Programming Languages
		Ada
		Clojure
		COBOL
		D
		Dart
		Elixir
		Elm
		Erlang
		Forth
		Fortran
		Go
		Groovy
		Haskell
		Java
		JavaScript
		Kotlin
		Lisp
		Lua
		Mono
		OCaml
		Perl
		PHP
		Python
		Raku
		Ruby
		Rust
		Scala
		Scratch
		Vala
		References
	40 Helping with Ubuntu Development
		Introduction to Ubuntu Development
		Setting Up Your Development System
			Install Basic Packages and Configure
			Creating a Launchpad Account
			Setting Up Your Environment to Work with Launchpad
		Fixing Bugs and Packaging
		References
	41 Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA
		Community Teams
			Ubuntu Testing Team
			Ubuntu QA Team
		Bug Squad
		References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
Part VI Bonus Online Chapters
	42 Using Perl
		Using Perl with Linux
			Perl Versions
			A Simple Perl Program
		Perl Variables and Data Structures
			Perl Variable Types
			Special Variables
		Perl Operators
			Comparison Operators
			Compound Operators
			Arithmetic Operators
			Other Operators
			Special String Constants
		Conditional Statements: if/else and unless
			if
			unless
		Looping
			for
			foreach
			while
			until
			last and next
			do ... while and do ... until
		Regular Expressions
		Access to the Shell
		Modules and CPAN
		Code Examples
			Sending Mail
			Purging Logs
			Posting to Usenet
			One-Liners
			Command-Line Processing
		References
	43 Using Python
		Python on Linux
		The Basics of Python
			Numbers
			More on Strings
			Lists
			Dictionaries
			Conditionals and Looping
		Functions
		Object Orientation
			Class and Object Variables
			Constructors and Destructors
			Class Inheritance
		The Standard Library and the Python Package Index
		References
	44 Using PHP
		Introduction to PHP
			Entering and Exiting PHP Mode
			Variables
			Arrays
			Constants
			References
			Comments
			Escape Sequences
			Variable Substitution
			Operators
			Conditional Statements
			Special Operators
			Switching
			Loops
			Including Other Files
		Basic Functions
			Strings
			Arrays
			Files
			Miscellaneous
		Handling HTML Forms
		Databases
		References