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دسته بندی: آموزشی ویرایش: نویسندگان: Akira Takada سری: Palgrave Studies on the Anthropology of Childhood and Youth ISBN (شابک) : 9783030494384, 9783030494391 ناشر: Palgrave Macmillan سال نشر: 2020 تعداد صفحات: 258 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 5 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب The Ecology of Playful Childhood: The Diversity and Resilience of Caregiver-Child Interactions among the San of Southern Africa به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب بوم شناسی دوران کودکی بازیگوش: تنوع و انعطاف پذیری روابط متقابل مراقب و کودک در جنوب آفریقای جنوبی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
در حالی که مطالعات مربوط به کودکان سن به وضعیت عجیبی دست یافته است که نمونه اولیه را برای دوران کودکی شکارچی-گردآورنده ترسیم کرده است، مطالعات نسبتاً کمی قوم نگاری جدی در مورد کودکان سن از زمان هجوم اولیه تحقیقات در دهه های 1960 و 1970 انجام شده است. این کتاب بر اساس تحقیقات میدانی طولانی مدت نویسنده در میان چندین گروه سن در آفریقای جنوبی، دوران کودکی شکارچی-گردآورنده را با استفاده از "بازی" به عنوان یک مفهوم کلیدی مورد بازنگری قرار می دهد. بازیگوشی شیوه های پیچیده تعامل مراقب و کودک در میان سان را فرا گرفته است: مادران بلافاصله پس از تولد، تماس بسیار نزدیکی با نوزادان خود دارند. علاوه بر توجه مادر، سایر افراد اطراف نوزادان به طور فعال رفتار ژیمناستیک را برای آرام کردن آنها تسهیل می کنند. این رفتارهای مراقبتی متمایز نشان دهنده نگرش محبت آمیز و مودبانه نسبت به نوزادان است. این همچنین برای چندین ژانر زبانی سن که در ارتباطات صوتی اولیه استفاده میشوند، صادق است. کودکان به تدریج در گروه هایی از کودکان چند سنی درگیر فعالیت های مختلف بازی می شوند که محل اصلی دلبستگی آنها پس از از شیر گرفتن است. این فعالیت های بازیگوش شباهت های مهمی را با فعالیت های خانگی و معیشتی که توسط بزرگسالان انجام می شود نشان می دهد. این کتاب با احیای مطالعات مربوط به کودکان سان و شیوه های کودکی شکارچی-گردآورنده و فرزندپروری، این کتاب را با جزئیات بررسی می کند و در نهایت دیدگاه جدیدی برای درک اجتماعی بودن انسان ارائه می دهد.
While studies of San children have attained the peculiar status of having delineated the prototype for hunter-gatherer childhood, relatively few serious ethnographic studies of San children have been conducted since an initial flurry of research in the 1960s and 1970s. Based on the author’s long-term field research among several San groups of Southern Africa, this book reconsiders hunter-gatherer childhood using “play” as a key concept. Playfulness pervades the intricate practices of caregiver-child interactions among the San: immediately after birth, mothers have extremely close contact with their babies. In addition to the mother’s attentions, other people around the babies actively facilitate gymnastic behavior to soothe them. These distinctive caregiving behaviors indicate a loving, indulgent attitude towards infants. This also holds true for several language genres of the San that are used in early vocal communication. Children gradually become involved in various playful activities in groups of children of multiple ages, which is the major locus of their attachment after weaning; these playful activities show important similarities to the household and subsistence activities carried out by adults. Rejuvenating studies of San children and hunter-gatherer childhood and childrearing practices, this book aims to examine these issues in detail, ultimately providing a new perspective for the understanding of human sociality.
Preface Notes on Orthography Praise for The Ecology of Playful Childhood Contents About the Author List of Figures List of Tables List of Extracts Part I 1 Children in the Wild 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Ethnography of Children and Childcare 1.3 Anthropology of Childhood 1.4 Overview of This Book References 2 The Last Hunter-Gatherers of the Kalahari 2.1 The San of Southern Africa 2.2 Broad Living Area and Low Population Density 2.3 Dietary Habits and Food Sharing Based on Hunting and Gathering 2.4 Time Budgets and Sense of Time 2.5 Low Birthrate and Long Intervals Between Births 2.6 The Shift to Sedentary Life and Concentrated Living Arrangements 2.6.1 The JuǀʼHoan 2.6.2 The !Xun 2.6.3 The Gǀui and Gǁana 2.7 Conclusion References 3 Minding Hunter-Gatherer Childhood 3.1 Studies of Mothering and Allomothering Among the Juǀ’hoan 3.1.1 The Relationships Between Children and Mothers 3.1.2 The Relationships Between Children and Others (Fathers, Other Adults, and Older Children) 3.2 The Features of Child Development and Socialization Among the Juǀ’hoan 3.3 The Second Wave of Hunter-Gatherer Childhood Studies 3.3.1 Focusing on Allomothering 3.3.2 Early Weaning and Parent–Offspring Conflict 3.3.3 Disciplining Children 3.4 Reconsidering the Nature of Human Childrearing 3.5 Conclusion References Part II 4 Children and Play 4.1 Playful Activities Among the San Children 4.2 Play in the Psychology and Anthropology of Childhood 4.2.1 What Is Play? 4.2.2 When Do Children Play? 4.2.3 Where Do Children Play? 4.2.4 What Is Used for Play? 4.2.5 Who Participates in Play? 4.2.6 What Happens During Play? 4.2.7 Why Do Children Play? 4.3 The Issues on Play Specific to the San 4.4 Conclusion References 5 Pleasure in Nursing 5.1 The Playful Nature of Corporeal Infant Soothing 5.2 Breastfeeding Among San Groups 5.2.1 Gǀui/Gǁana 5.2.2 !Xun 5.2.3 Juǀ’hoan and Other San Groups 5.2.4 Regional Structural Comparison of Breastfeeding 5.3 Ethnographic Studies on Infant Nursing in Other Societies 5.3.1 Who Engages in Nursing and How? 5.3.2 Cultural Diversity of Nursing Patterns 5.4 Discussion 5.4.1 Interactional Organization of Nursing Patterns 5.4.2 The Earliest Form of Reciprocal Accommodation for Contingent Caregiver-Infant Interactions 5.4.3 Cultural Structure and Agency in Nursing 5.4.4 The Facultative Adaptation of Human Nursing References 6 Playful Gymnastics 6.1 Gymnastic Behavior and Play 6.2 Gymnastic Behaviors Among San Groups 6.2.1 G❘ui/Gǁana 6.2.2 !Xun 6.2.3 Juǀ’hoan and Other San Groups 6.2.4 Regional Structural Comparison of Gymnastic Behaviors 6.3 Ethnographic Studies on Gymnastic Behaviors in Other Societies 6.3.1 Co-created Rhythms and Reduction of External Stimuli 6.3.2 Maternal and Multiple Caregivers of Infants 6.4 Discussion 6.4.1 Intercorporeality and Gymnastic Behavior 6.4.2 Formation of Responsibility Through Gymnastic Behavior 6.4.3 Cultural Construction of Embodied Infant Care 6.4.4 Species’ Evolution and Playful Activities in Physical Interactions References 7 The Joy of Early Vocal Communication 7.1 Talking and Singing to Infants 7.2 Early Vocal Communication Among San Groups 7.2.1 Gǀui/Gǁana 7.2.2 !Xun 7.2.3 Juǀ’hoan and Other San Groups 7.2.4 Early Vocal Communication Among San Groups and Other Societies 7.3 Studies on Early Vocal Communication in Other Societies 7.3.1 Universal Features of IDSpeech 7.3.2 Cultural Diversity of IDSpeech 7.4 Discussion 7.4.1 Orchestrating Various Semiotic Resources While Vocalizing to the Infant 7.4.2 Organization of Acoustic Stimuli in the Course of Child Socialization 7.4.3 Cultural Structure and Agency in Early Vocal Communication 7.4.4 Evolution of the Complicated Structure of Early Vocal Communication References 8 Imitation in Playful Activities 8.1 Acting like Others 8.2 Imitation Activity Among San Groups 8.2.1 Gǀui/Gǁana 8.2.2 !Xun 8.2.3 Juǀ’hoan and Other San Groups 8.2.4 Imitation and Play 8.3 Ethnographic Studies of Child Imitation in Other Societies 8.3.1 Child Initiatives in Learning 8.3.2 Diversity of Cultural Learning 8.4 Discussion 8.4.1 Reiterating or Modifying Others’ Behavior 8.4.2 The Developmental Trajectory of Acting like Others 8.4.3 The Culture of Social Reproduction 8.4.4 Evolution of Cooperative Action References 9 Socialization Through Singing and Dancing Activities 9.1 Singing and Dancing by Children 9.2 Singing and Dancing Activity Among San Groups 9.2.1 Gǀui/Gǁana 9.2.2 !Xun 9.2.3 Juǀ’hoan and Other San Groups 9.2.4 (Re)Generating Musical Knowledge and Skills 9.3 Ethnographic Studies on Children’s Musical Play in Other Societies 9.3.1 Who Do Young Children Sing and Dance with? 9.3.2 What Singing and Dancing Do 9.4 Discussion 9.4.1 Meaning Generated in Rhythm 9.4.2 Socialization Through Activities in Multi-aged Child Groups 9.4.3 Resilience of the Multi-aged Child Group 9.4.4 The Birth of a Long and Cooperative Childhood References 10 Learning to Work 10.1 Play-to-Work Transition 10.2 Learning to Work Among San Groups 10.2.1 Gǀui/Gǁana 10.2.2 !Xun 10.2.3 Juǀ’hoan and Other San Groups 10.2.4 Changes in Subsistence Activities and the Learning Process 10.3 Ethnographic Studies on Learning to Work in Other Societies 10.3.1 Continuity and Discontinuity Between Play and Work 10.3.2 Diverse Trajectories for Learning to Work 10.4 Discussion 10.4.1 Sequential Organization of Play and Work 10.4.2 Socialization to Become a Proficient Group Member 10.4.3 Play-to-Work Transition and Facultative Adaptations 10.4.4 Extended Childhood and Juvenile Stages as the Roots of Human Sociality References 11 Reconsidering Human Childhood 11.1 Breastfeeding 11.2 Gymnastic Behaviors 11.3 Early Vocal Communication 11.4 Imitation 11.5 Singing and Dancing Activities 11.6 Play and Work 11.7 Coda References Index