Minority Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors

Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	The Historical Background
	The Cultural Background
	Examples of Research on National Movements and Minority Language Literature
	Pascale Casanova’s ‘Littératures Combatives’
	The Irish Paradigm
	Structure
	References
2 Frisia and the World: Douwe Kalma During and Shortly After the First World War
	Background to Frisia and Frisian up to the World War One Era
	The Frisian Literary Field
	Kalma’s Background: The Genesis of His Habitus
	Kalma’s ‘Combative’ Entrance into Frisian Literature
	Kalma’s ‘Young Frisian Community’
	The Young Frisian Community: A Free Idealistic Youth Movement
	Kalma’s Vision, Mission and Strategies
	Kalma’s Strategies
	Kalma’s Posturing as a Leader
	The Influence of Kalma’s Combative Stance on His Literary Work
		Criticism
		Translations
		Contents and Imagery
		Language
	Kening Aldgillis: An Example  of ‘Combative Literature’
		To What Extent Did Kalma Succeed in the Pursuit of His Goals?
	From Mienskip (Community/Fellowship) to ‘Kalmaskip’ (‘Kalmaship’)
	Conclusion
	References
3 Reconnecting Wales to Europe: Saunders Lewis in the Interwar Years
	The Welsh Context During the World War One Era
	The Welsh Literary Field
	Saunders Lewis’s Background:  The Genesis of His Habitus
	Saunders Lewis’s ‘Combative’ Entrance into Welsh Literature
		Four Reviews and an Essay on Wales as a Nation
		‘Let Us Widen Our Field’: Lewis’s Criticism in the Cambria Daily Leader
		‘The Present State of Welsh Drama’:  The Need to Stand Out
	Saunders Lewis’s ‘Welsh Aesthetic’
	Lewis’s Strategies in Six Key Texts
		The Texts
		Saunders Lewis’s Distancing, Unifying and Connective Strategies
		Distancing Strategies
		Unifying Strategies
		Connective Strategies
	Saunders Lewis’s Combative  Political Leadership
		Saunders Lewis’s Combative Stance
			Instruction and Opposition
		Political Failure
	The Influence of Saunders Lewis’s Combative Stance on His Literary Work
	Saunders Lewis’s Blodeuwedd as an Example of Combative Literature
	Conclusion
	References
4 Where Extremes Meet: Hugh MacDiarmid in the Period After World War One
	Scotland and the Scots Language in the Period Between the Two World Wars
	Problems in Defining the Scottish Literary Field
	Christopher Grieve’s Background:  The ‘Genesis of His Habitus’
		The Langholm Years (1892–1908)
		Student and Journalist (1908–1916)
		Military Service and the Aftermath (1916–1921)
	Grieve’s ‘Combative’ Entrance into Scottish Literature
	Creating a New Language and a New Movement
	Grieve/MacDiarmid as a Leader
	Strategies
	A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle:An Example of ‘Combative Literature’
	Literary-Political Work and the Scottish Centre of PEN International
	Conclusion
	References
5 Roparz Hemon: Combative Linguistic and Literary Nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s
	Brittany Before and During the First World War Era
	The Breton Literary Field
	Louis Nemo’s Background: The Genesis of His Habitus
	Roparz Hemon’s ‘Combative’  Entrance in Breton Literature
	Creating Gwalarn:Roparz Hemon’s  Literary Ideals and Ideas
	Hemon’s Literary-Political Activities in the 1920s
		Material Production
		Distribution
		Symbolic Production
		Epilogue
	Two Short Plays as Examples of ‘Combative Literature’
	Eun Den a Netra (‘A Man of Nothing’, 1927)
	Meurlarjez (‘Carnival’, 1938)
	Conclusion
	References
6 Conclusions
	Context and Language
	Backgrounds, Epiphanies, Motivations, Visions and Missions
		Backgrounds
		Epiphanies
		Motivations
		Visions
		Missions
	Strategies
		Distancing Strategies
		Connecting Strategies
		Unifying Strategies
		Mobilising Strategies
	Strengthening the Literary Fields
		Material Production
		Distribution
		Symbolic Production
	Post-World War One Minority Literature: Devolving and Recentring
	A Double Bind
	Combative Modernisation
	Cultural Nationalism
	Reculer Pour Mieux Sauter
	Languacultures
	References
Annexes
A Schematical Representation of Miroslav Hroch’s Phases and His Linguistic Programme
Phases
Linguistic Programme
Joep Leerssen’s Cultivation of Culture Matrix
References
Index