Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience with Coglab Manual, 3rd Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
About the Author......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology......Page 32
What Is the Mind?......Page 35
Studying the Mind: Early Work in Cognitive Psychology......Page 36
Watson Founds Behaviorism......Page 39
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning......Page 40
Setting the Stage for the Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology......Page 41
Introduction of the Digital Computer......Page 42
Conferences on Artificial Intelligence and Information Theory......Page 43
Memory Consolidation From a Behavioral Perspective......Page 45
Memory Consolidation From a Physiological Perspective......Page 46
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: LEARNING FROM THIS BOOK......Page 47
TEST YOURSELF 1.1......Page 48
THINK ABOUT IT......Page 49
KEY TERMS......Page 50
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 51
CHAPTER 2 Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 52
The Microstructure of the Brain: Neurons......Page 55
The Signals That Travel in Neurons......Page 57
METHOD: Recording From a Neuron......Page 58
LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION......Page 59
METHOD: Brain Imaging......Page 60
Localization for Language......Page 63
METHOD: Event-Related Potential......Page 64
DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING IN THE BRAIN......Page 66
REPRESENTATION IN THE BRAIN......Page 67
Representing a Tree: Feature Detectors......Page 68
The Neural Code for Faces......Page 69
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: “MIND READING” BY MEASURING BRAIN ACTIVITY......Page 71
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 73
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE......Page 74
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 75
CHAPTER 3 Perception......Page 76
THE NATURE OF PERCEPTION......Page 79
Bottom-Up Processing: Physiological......Page 80
Bottom-Up Processing: Behavioral......Page 81
Perception Depends on Additional Information......Page 82
Perceiving Size: Taking Distance Into Account......Page 83
DEMONSTRATION: Two Quarters......Page 84
TEST YOURSELF 3.1......Page 86
Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference......Page 87
The Gestalt Laws of Organization......Page 88
DEMONSTRATION: Finding Faces in a Landscape......Page 90
The Gestalt “Laws” Are “Heuristics”......Page 92
DEMONSTRATION: Shape From Shading......Page 93
DEMONSTRATION: Visualizing Scenes and Objects......Page 95
NEURONS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 96
The Human “Perceiving Machine”......Page 97
Experience-Dependent Plasticity......Page 98
REACHING FOR A CUP: THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PERCEIVING AND TAKING ACTION......Page 99
The Interaction of Perception and Action......Page 100
METHOD: Brain Ablation......Page 101
METHOD: Dissociations in Neuropsychology......Page 103
Picking Up a Coffee Cup and Other Behaviors......Page 104
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: MIRROR NEURONS......Page 105
TEST YOURSELF 3.3......Page 106
THINK ABOUT IT......Page 107
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE......Page 108
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 109
CHAPTER 4 Attention......Page 110
Selective Attention as Filtering......Page 113
METHOD: Dichotic Listening......Page 114
Cognitive Resources, Cognitive Load, and Task-Irrelevant Stimuli......Page 117
METHOD: Flanker Compatibility Task......Page 118
DEMONSTRATION: The Stroop Effect......Page 119
TEST YOURSELF 4.1......Page 120
Divided Attention Can Be Achieved With Practice: Automatic Processing......Page 121
Divided Attention When Tasks Are Harder: Controlled Processing......Page 122
DEMONSTRATION: Detecting a Target......Page 123
Distractions While Driving......Page 124
Inattentional Blindness......Page 125
DEMONSTRATION: Change Detection......Page 126
Eye Movements, Attention, and Perception......Page 128
DEMONSTRATION: Looking for a Face in the Crowd......Page 129
Top-Down Determinants of Eye Movements......Page 130
METHOD: Precueing......Page 132
Object-Based Attention......Page 133
FEATURE INTEGRATION THEORY......Page 134
Covert Attention Enhances Neural Responding......Page 136
Attentional Processing Is Distributed Across the Cortex......Page 137
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: ATTENTION IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS—THE CASE OF AUTISM......Page 139
TEST YOURSELF 4.3......Page 140
THINK ABOUT IT......Page 141
KEY TERMS......Page 142
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 143
CHAPTER 5 Short-Term and Working Memory......Page 144
THE IMPORTANCE OF MEMORY IN OUR LIVES......Page 146
STUDYING MEMORY......Page 147
The Sparkler’s Trail and the Projector’s Shutter......Page 150
Sperling’s Experiment: Measuring the Capacity and Duration of the Sensory Store......Page 151
METHOD: Recall......Page 153
DEMONSTRATION: Remembering Three Letters......Page 154
DEMONSTRATION: Digit Span......Page 155
DEMONSTRATION: Remembering Letters......Page 156
DEMONSTRATION: Recalling Visual Patterns......Page 158
TEST YOURSELF 5.1......Page 159
WORKING MEMORY......Page 160
DEMONSTRATION: Reading Text and Remembering Numbers......Page 161
DEMONSTRATION: Articulatory Suppression......Page 163
DEMONSTRATION: Comparing Objects......Page 164
DEMONSTRATION: Holding a Spatial Stimulus in the Mind......Page 165
The Episodic Buffer......Page 166
WORKING MEMORY AND THE BRAIN......Page 167
The Effect of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex......Page 168
Prefrontal Neurons That Hold Information......Page 169
Brain Activation in Humans......Page 170
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: THE ADVANTAGES OF HAVING A MORE EFFICIENT WORKING MEMORY......Page 171
TEST YOURSELF 5.3......Page 172
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 173
KEY TERMS......Page 174
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 175
CHAPTER 6 Long-Term Memory: Structure......Page 176
Long-Term and Short-Term Processes......Page 179
Serial Position Curve......Page 181
Coding in Long-Term Memory......Page 183
DEMONSTRATION: Reading a Passage......Page 184
Locating Short- and Long-Term Memory in the Brain......Page 185
Types of Long-Term Memory......Page 186
Distinguishing Between Episodic and Semantic Memory......Page 187
The Separation of Episodic and Semantic Memories......Page 188
Connections Between Episodic and Semantic Memories......Page 189
METHOD: Avoiding Explicit Remembering in a Priming Experiment......Page 191
DEMONSTRATION: Mirror Drawing......Page 194
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: MEMORY LOSS IN THE MOVIES......Page 195
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 197
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE......Page 198
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 199
CHAPTER 7 Long-Term Memory: Encoding and Retrieval......Page 200
Maintenance Rehearsal and Elaborative Rehearsal......Page 203
DEMONSTRATION: Remembering Lists......Page 204
METHOD: Varying Depth of Processing......Page 205
Research Showing That Encoding Influences Retrieval......Page 206
DEMONSTRATION: Reading a List......Page 208
RETRIEVAL: GETTING INFORMATION OUT OF MEMORY......Page 211
METHOD: Cued Recall......Page 212
Matching Conditions of Encoding and Retrieval......Page 213
TEST YOURSELF 7.2......Page 216
Elaborate......Page 217
Take Breaks......Page 218
Avoid “Illusions of Learning”......Page 219
Experiences Cause Changes at the Synapse......Page 220
Where Does Memory Occur in the Brain?......Page 221
Forming Memories in the Brain: The Process of Consolidation......Page 223
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: ARE MEMORIES EVER “PERMANENT”?......Page 225
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 228
THINK ABOUT IT......Page 229
KEY TERMS......Page 230
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 231
CHAPTER 8 Everyday Memory and Memory Errors......Page 232
The Multidimensional Nature of AM......Page 235
Memory Over the Life Span......Page 236
Flashbulb Memories......Page 238
METHOD: Repeated Recall......Page 239
Bartlett’s “War of the Ghosts” Experiment......Page 243
Source Monitoring and Source Monitoring Errors......Page 244
METHOD: Testing for Source Monitoring......Page 246
DEMONSTRATION: Reading Sentences......Page 247
DEMONSTRATION: Memory for a List......Page 250
Taking Stock: The Pluses and Minuses of Construction......Page 251
The Misinformation Effect......Page 252
METHOD: Presenting Misleading Postevent Information......Page 253
Creating False Memories for Early Events in People’s Lives......Page 255
Errors of Eyewitness Identification......Page 256
The Crime Scene and Afterward......Page 257
What Is Being Done?......Page 261
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: MEMORIES OF CHILDHOOD ABUSE......Page 263
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 264
THINK ABOUT IT......Page 265
KEY TERMS......Page 266
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 267
CHAPTER 9 Knowledge......Page 268
Why Definitions Don’t Work for Categories......Page 271
The Prototype Approach: Finding the Average Case......Page 273
METHOD: Sentence Verification Technique......Page 274
Which Approach Works Better: Prototypes or Exemplars?......Page 276
Rosch’s Approach: What’s Special About Basic Level Categories?......Page 277
DEMONSTRATION: Naming Things......Page 278
TEST YOURSELF 9.1......Page 279
Introduction to Semantic Networks: Collins and Quillian’s Hierarchical Model......Page 280
METHOD: Lexical Decision Task......Page 282
The Collins and Loftus Model: Personal Experience Affects Networks......Page 283
Assessment of Semantic Network Theories......Page 284
What Is a Connectionist Model?......Page 285
DEMONSTRATION: Activation of Property Units in a Connectionist Network......Page 287
Category Information in Single Neurons......Page 290
Brain Scanning and Categories......Page 292
METHOD: Familiarization/Novelty Preference Procedure......Page 293
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 295
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE......Page 296
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 297
CHAPTER 10 Visual Imagery......Page 298
DEMONSTRATION: Experiencing Imagery......Page 300
Imagery and the Cognitive Revolution......Page 301
IMAGERY AND PERCEPTION: DO THEY SHARE THE SAME MECHANISMS?......Page 302
DEMONSTRATION: Mental Scanning......Page 303
The Imagery Debate: Is Imagery Spatial or Propositional?......Page 304
Comparing Imagery and Perception......Page 306
Is There a Way to Resolve the Imagery Debate?......Page 308
Imagery Neurons in the Brain......Page 309
Brain Imaging......Page 310
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation......Page 311
Neuropsychological Case Studies......Page 312
Conclusions From the Imagery Debate......Page 315
DEMONSTRATION: Method of Loci......Page 316
DEMONSTRATION: Mechanical Problems......Page 317
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 319
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE......Page 320
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 321
CHAPTER 11 Language......Page 322
WHAT IS LANGUAGE?......Page 324
Studying Language......Page 325
Perceiving Spoken Phonemes and Words, and Written Letters......Page 327
UNDERSTANDING WORDS......Page 330
Lexical Ambiguity......Page 331
METHOD: Lexical Priming......Page 332
TEST YOURSELF 11.1......Page 333
Parsing and a Trip Down the Garden Path......Page 334
DEMONSTRATION: Late Closure......Page 335
The Interactionist Approach to Parsing......Page 336
DEMONSTRATION: Making Up a Story......Page 339
Situation Models......Page 341
PRODUCING LANGUAGE: CONVERSATIONS......Page 344
Syntactic Coordination......Page 345
METHOD: Syntactic Priming......Page 346
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: CULTURE, LANGUAGE, AND COGNITION......Page 347
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 350
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE......Page 351
DEMONSTRATION: Answers to Late Closure Demonstration......Page 353
CHAPTER 12 Problem Solving......Page 354
WHAT IS A PROBLEM?......Page 356
Restructuring and Insight......Page 357
DEMONSTRATION: Two Insight Problems......Page 358
DEMONSTRATION: The Candle Problem......Page 359
MODERN RESEARCH ON PROBLEM SOLVING: THE INFORMATION-PROCESSING APPROACH......Page 361
DEMONSTRATION: Tower of Hanoi Problem......Page 362
The Importance of How a Problem Is Stated......Page 365
DEMONSTRATION: The Mutilated Checkerboard Problem......Page 367
METHOD: Think-Aloud Protocol......Page 368
TEST YOURSELF 12.1......Page 369
DEMONSTRATION: Duncker’s Radiation Problem......Page 370
Analogical Encoding......Page 374
METHOD: In Vivo Problem-Solving Research......Page 375
Differences Between How Experts and Novices Solve Problems......Page 376
CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING......Page 378
DEMONSTRATION: Creating an Object......Page 380
SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: DOES LARGE WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY RESULT IN BETTER PROBLEM SOLVING? IT DEPENDS!......Page 381
TEST YOURSELF 12.2......Page 383
THINK ABOUT IT......Page 384
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 385
CHAPTER 13 Reasoning and Decision Making......Page 388
Validity and Truth in Syllogisms......Page 391
Conditional Syllogisms......Page 392
DEMONSTRATION: Wason Four-Card Problem......Page 394
What Has the Wason Problem Taught Us?......Page 397
The Nature of Inductive Reasoning......Page 398
DEMONSTRATION: Which Is More Prevalent?......Page 399
DEMONSTRATION: Judging Occupations......Page 401
DEMONSTRATION: Description of a Person......Page 402
DEMONSTRATION: Male and Female Births......Page 403
TEST YOURSELF 13.2......Page 404
The Utility Approach to Decisions......Page 405
How Emotions Affect Decisions......Page 407
People Inaccurately Predict Their Emotions......Page 408
Decisions Can Depend on How Choices Are Presented......Page 409
DEMONSTRATION: What Would You Do?......Page 410
Justification in Decision Making......Page 411
Effect of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex......Page 412
Neuroeconomics: The Neural Basis of Decision Making......Page 414
DEMONSTRATION: A Personal Health Decision......Page 415
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 416
THINK ABOUT IT......Page 417
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE......Page 418
MEDIA RESOURCES......Page 419
Glossary......Page 420
References......Page 440
Name Index......Page 457
Subject Index......Page 463