Mental Health and Illness of Children and Adolescents

Foreword
Series Preface
Volume Preface
Contents
About the Series Editors
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Diagnostic Classification, Assessment, and Cultural Diversity
	1 Diagnoses
		Introduction
		Diagnosis in Developmental Context
		Critique of Diagnosis
		Alternatives
		Usefulness of the ICD and DSM Diagnostic Systems
		What We Can and Cannot Expect from a Diagnosis
		How to Use Diagnostic Criteria to the Benefit of Our Patients
		References
	2 Screening Methods and When to Use Them
		Introduction
			Screening: Definition and Purpose
			Types of Screening
			Criteria for Screening Programs
			Screening and Surveillance
			The Case for Screening in Child Mental Health
		Screening Tests
			The Role of Informants
			Properties of Screening Tests
				Test Reliability
				Test Accuracy
			Thresholds in Screening Measures
				The Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) Curve
			Test Accuracy in Different Populations
		Screening in Practice
			Examples of Targeted Screening
				Screening of Children in Care/Child Welfare
				Screening Young Offenders
			Screening Tools as Part of the Referral and Assessment Process in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
			Wider Population Screening
		Harms and Limitations of Screening
			Harms and Limitations Relating to the Test
			Take-Up and Reach of Screening Programs
			Screening Alone Does Not Prevent or Treat Disease
			Conclusions
		References
	3 Multicultural Perspectives on Assessment and Taxonomy of Psychopathology
		The Need for Multi-informant Assessments
			Top-Down Use of Multi-informant Data
				Standardized Diagnostic Interviews (SDIs)
				Cross-informant Agreement on SDI Diagnoses
			Bottom-Up Use of Multi-informant Data
				Standardized Rating Forms
				Cross-informant Agreement on Scale Scores
		Multicultural Findings for Top-Down and Bottom-Up Models of Psychopathology
			Top-Down Multicultural Findings
				Findings for Prevalence Estimates
			Bottom-Up Multicultural Findings
				Findings for Taxonomic Constructs
				Findings for Total Problems Scores
				Comparisons of Societal and Cultural Effects
			Multicultural Norms
		Categorical and Dimensional Models
		Summary and Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
Part II: Epidemiology
	4 Trends in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Prevalence, Outcomes, and Inequalities
		Importance of Understanding Trends in Mental Health
		Trends in Prevalence in High-Income Countries
			The Need for Unselected Population-Based Comparisons
			Trends Differ by Type of Mental Health Problem, Child Age, and Gender
		Explaining Mental Health Trends
			Trends in Socio-Economic Disparities
			Child Health-Related Behavior and Lifestyle
			Social Relationships and School Environment
			Family Risk
		Priorities for Future Research
			Global Child Mental Health Trends
			Trends in Outcomes for Children with Mental Health Problems
			Developing Robust Methodologies
		Conclusion/Implications
		Cross-References
		References
	5 Gaps Between Knowledge, Services, and Needs
		Introduction
		Characterizing the Needs
		Case Identification: The Starting Point to Access to Services
		Learning from Theoretical Advances
		Continuum of Care and Integration Between Sectors
		The Role of Digital Technology
		Social Media and Digital Footprints
		Mobile Applications and Bots
		Expanding the Workforce
		Policy Making
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	6 Epidemiology of Child Psychopathology
		Introduction
		Major Milestone Population-Based Epidemiological Studies
			Studies Initiated Prior to 1960
			Studies Initiated Between 1960 and 1970
			Studies Initiated Between 1970 and 1980
			Studies Initiated Between 1980 and 1990
			Studies Initiated Between 1990 and 2000
			Studies Initiated Between 2000 and 2010
			Studies Initiated from 2010 Onward
		The Generation R Study
			Prenatal Exposures and Fetal Growth
			Fetal Growth and Postnatal Child Development
			Social Disadvantage and Fetal Growth
			Prenatal Exposures and Postnatal Brain Development
			Infant Neuromotor Development and Childhood Problem Behavior
		Methodological Considerations
			Confounding and Causal Inference
			Reverse Causality
			Shared Method Variance Bias
			Replication
			Selection Bias
		Suggestions for Future Studies
		Conclusion
		References
	7 Population Neuroscience
		Introduction
		Neurodevelopmental Studies
		Key Population Neuroscience Studies
			Longitudinal Clinical Studies
			High-Risk Studies
			Studies of Typically Developing Children and Adolescents
		Methodological Considerations in Psychiatric Neuroimaging and Population Neuroscience
			Representativeness and Generalizability
			High Dimensional Data and Multiple Testing
			Confounding
			Reverse Causality and Bidirectionality in Brain-Behavior Studies
			Imaging Genetic Studies
		Clinical and Public Health Relevance of Population Neuroscience
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Part III : Childhood Adversities
	8 Movement of Peoples
		Introduction
		Definitions and Data
		Migration and Wellbeing
		The Growing Significance of Urbanization
		Conclusion: Migration and Urbanization as Social Determinants of Health
		Cross-References
		References
	9 Trauma-Related Mental Illness in Children and Adolescents
		Introduction
		Understanding the Mental Health Burden of Trauma in Children and Adolescents
			Prevalence of Trauma
			Trauma-Related Mental Illness
			Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship Between Trauma and Mental Illness
			Risk Factors for Trauma and Related Mental Illness
		Managing the Mental Health Burden of Trauma in Children and Adolescents
			Initial Response to Trauma
			Assessment of Trauma-Related Mental Illness
			Treatment of Trauma-Related Mental Illness
			Prevention of Trauma-Related Mental Illness
		Conclusions
		Resources
		Cross-References
		References
	10 Child Abuse and Neglect in Multiproblem Families
		Introduction
		Risk Factors
		Lifetime Prevalence
		Detection in Childhood
		Barriers to Detection
		Outcomes
			Death
			Nonfatal Outcomes
			Developmental Delay
			Risky and Damaging Behavior
			Diminished Life Chances
			Poor Mental and Physical Health
			Reduced Life Expectancy
			Economic Burden
			Resilience
		Explanatory Models for Resilience, Pathogenesis, and Treatment
			Acquisition of Resilience through ``Containing,´´ ``Inoculation,´´ and Symbolic Thinking
			Pathogens Model
			Mindlessness
			Repetitions
			Infectious Phase
		Treatment
			Introduction
			Emotional Connection
			Building a Mind
			Diverting the Repetitions
		Prevention
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	11 Street Children, Exploitation, and Slavery
		Introduction
		Street Children
		Child Slavery
		Child Soldiers
		Child Labor
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	12 Family Issues in Child Mental Health
		Introduction
		Culture
		Family, Culture, and Development
		Cultural Context of Psychopathology in Children
		Family Context and CAMH
			Child Rearing Practices and Mental Health
			The Changing Family Systems
			Effects of Societal and Familial Change on Mental Health
			Resilience
			Cyberage and Child Mental Health
		Key Challenges for Mental Health Professionals/Services
		Conclusion
		References
	13 Burden and Cost Associated with Childhood Bullying Victimization
		Introduction
		Bullying
		Prevalence and Developmental Trends
		Does Bullying Victimization Contribute to the Development of Mental Health Problems in Childhood and Adolescence?
		Can the Effect of Childhood Bullying Victimization on Mental Health Problems Persist into the Adult Years?
		Individual and Societal Costs of Childhood Bullying Victimization
		Anti-bullying Interventions
		Is It Valuable, Feasible, and Acceptable to Strengthen Interventions Focusing on Victims and Potential Victims of Bullying?
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	14 Stigmatization and Society´s Inclusiveness Across Cultures
		Introduction
		What Is Stigma? Definitions and Concepts Related to Stigma and Discrimination
		Stigma and Culture
		Anti-stigma Strategies
		Anti-stigma Strategies as Applied to Youth
		Placing Stigma at the Center of Improved Population Well-Being
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	15 Parents with Psychiatric Conditions
		Introduction
		Parents with Psychiatric Conditions
			Depression
			Anxiety Disorders
			Alcohol and Substance Misuse
			Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
		Intergenerational Transmission of Psychiatric Disorders
		Neurobiological Processes
		Intervention on Parent and Child Outcomes
		Clinical Implications
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	16 Socioeconomic Inequalities and Mental Health Problems in Children and Adolescents
		Introduction
		What Is the Magnitude of Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child and Adolescent Mental Health?
			Are There Differences in SES Indicators?
			Are There Differences Between Countries?
			Are There Differences by Age and Gender?
			Are There Differences by Type of Disorder?
		Do Continuity and Change of Parental SES Have an Effect on Child Mental Health?
		Secular Trends and Child and Adolescent Mental Health
		Factors and Mechanisms Explaining Inequalities in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
			Social Selection and Social Causation Hypotheses
			Mechanisms Explaining Inequalities in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
			Prenatal Influences
			Influences in Childhood and Adolescence
			Influences at the Institutional Level
		Prevention Strategies
			Interventions that Directly Reduce Poverty
			Interventions that Target Mediating Mechanisms
		Conclusions
		What Next?
		References
Part IV: Maternal Health and the Infant
	17 Prenatal Mental Health: Continuous Care from Pregnancy
		Introduction
		What Childbirth Brings to Women
			Physical and Obstetric Conditions
			Financial Health
			Psychosocial Change of Women
			Family Relationship
		What Disturbs Women´s Psychological Well-Being and Emotion
		Special Issues Related to Childbirth
			Special Care for Separation
			Special Care for Women Who Lost Their Babies
			Preconception Counseling
		Mother-Infant Relationship and Child Outcomes
		Significance of Care from Pregnant Period
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	18 Perinatal Psychiatry
		Introduction
		Psychiatric Disorders in Perinatal Period
			Perinatal Depression
				Symptoms and Clinical Course
				Risk Factors
				Screening
					The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
					Whooley Questions
			Anxiety Disorders
			Bonding Disorder
				Significance of Bonding Disorder
				Screening
					The Mother to Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ)
			Puerperal Psychosis
			Bipolar Disorder
		Treatment
			Intervention for Depression
			Psychotropic Medication
			Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI), Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI), and Antipsychotic Drugs
			Antianxiety Drugs and CBT
			Lithium
			Antiepileptic and Other Drugs
			In-Patient Treatment
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	19 Parental Health and Early Child Development
		Introduction
		Early Child Development and Contributions of Parental Health
			Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
			Contributions of Perinatal Mental Health of Parents
			The Importance of Nurturing Care for Early Child Development
			Early Mother Infant Interaction
			Risk and Protective Factors for Early Child Development
		Interventions for Parental Health and Early Child Development
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	20 Infant Feeding and Clinical Problems
		Introduction
		Development of Feeding
		Feeding Disorders
			Definition and Diagnostic System
			Risk Factors and Etiology
			Assessment
			Treatment
		Clinical Example
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Part V: Physical Conditions and Child and Adolescent Mental Health
	21 Toxins and Pollution
		Introduction
		Metals
			Lead
			Mercury
			Manganese
			Implications for Practice
		Chemicals in Pregnancy and Infancy
			Organohalogens
			Other Pesticides
			Tobacco
			Alcohol
			Prenatal Fluoride?
			Prescribed Medications
			Cocaine
			Air Pollution
		Post-natal Chemical Exposure
			Cannabis
			Allergens and Intolerance
			Artificial Food Colors and Preservatives
		Summary and Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	22 Chronic Illness: Asthma
		Introduction
		Effects of Stress in Children with Asthma
			Psychological Problems of the Child
			Parental Burden
			Role of Stress in Asthma Onset
			Effect of Stress on the Course of Asthma
			Effect of Stress on Treatment Response
		Time of Stress Exposure
			Acute Stress Closely Preceding Exacerbations
			Joint Effects of Acute and Chronic Stress
			Prenatal/Early Life Stress
			Intergenerational Transmission of Stress
		Sources of Stress
			Parent Mental Health Problems
			Family Functioning
			Parent-Child Relationship
			School Influences on the Stress-Asthma Relationship
			Wider Social Influences on Stress-Asthma Relationship
		Mechanisms of Stress
		Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Possibilities
		Cross-References
		References
	23 Conversion Disorder
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Features
			Assessment
			Psychosocial Problems or Stressors
		Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Treatment of Chronic Conversion Disorder
		Prognosis
		Barriers to Care
		Prevention
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	24 Chronic Fatigue in the Context of Pediatric Physical and Mental Illness
		Introduction
		Fatigue and Disability
		Fatigue and Psychopathology
		Model of Understanding Fatigue
		Treatments for Fatigue
		Barriers to Treatment
		Conclusion
		References
	25 The Effect of Malnutrition and Micronutrient Deficiency on Children´s Mental Health
		Introduction
		Malnutrition
			Environment of Malnourished Children
			Assessment of Behavior and Mental Health
			Severe Acute Malnutrition, Mental Health, and Behavior
			Moderate Malnutrition, Mental Health, and Behavior
			Effects of Interventions on Behavior and Mental Health
			Summary
		Iron Deficiency Anemia
			Longitudinal Studies
			Effects of Interventions
			Micronutrient Deficiency, Mental Health, and Behavior
			Iodine Deficiency
			Zinc Deficiency
		Vitamin D Deficiency
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	26 Infectious Diseases
		Introduction
		Intellectual Disability and Schizophrenia Spectrum
			Congenital Infections: TORCHES
			Toxoplasmosis
			Congenital Rubella
			Congenital Cytomegalovirus
			Congenital Herpes
			Congenital Varicella
			Congenital Syphilis
			Congenital and Early-Acquired HIV
		Schizophrenia
		Impact of Infective Encephalopathies on Young People´s Mental Development: Herpes, HIV, Malaria, and Cysticercosis
			HIV Chronic Effects
			Malaria
		Common Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
			Chronic Psychosocial Adversity
			Brain Damage
			Effects of Chronic Illness
			Inflammatory and Immune Effects
			Neural and Neuroendocrine Effects
			Iatrogenic Change
			PANDAS and PANS
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
Part VI: Neurological Conditions
	27 Epilepsy
		Introduction and Background
			General Comments on Epilepsy
			Childhood Epilepsy and Psychiatric Disturbance
			Stigma and Resource Implications
		Epidemiological Studies of Psychiatric and Behavioral Disturbance in Children
		Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
		Anxiety
		Depression
		Psychosis
		Psychiatric Disorders in Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes
		Behavioral Effects of Antiseizure Treatment
			Antiseizure Medications (ASMs)
			Epilepsy Surgery
		Prescription of Psychotropic Medication in Children with Psychiatric and Behavioral Disturbance
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	28 Psychiatric Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents
		Introduction: Terminology and Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology
		Classification
			Classification of Brain Injuries Depending on Severity
				Issues
		Psychological and Psychiatric Outcomes Following Brain Injury
			Mild Brain Injury and Concussion
				Psychological/Psychiatric Consequences of Mild Brain Injury
				Assessment and Management Following Mild Brain Injury
				Risk Factors for Persisting Symptoms Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
			Moderate and Severe Brain Injury
				Neurocognitive Deficits
					Psychological/Behavioral Difficulties and Psychiatric Disorder Following Moderate/Severe Brain Injury
						Psychological Difficulties
						Psychiatric Outcome
					Risk Factors for Psychological Symptoms and Psychiatric Disorders
		Psychiatric Assessment of a Child Following Traumatic Brain Injury
			Presenting Concerns
			Information About the Injury and Circumstances
			Past Psychiatric History
			Developmental History
			Educational History
			Family History Including Family History of Psychiatric Disorders
			Mental State Examination
			Physical Examination with Particular Care to Neurological Examination
			Other
		Management of Psychiatric Disorder and Psychological Disturbance
			A. Preventative Measures
			Service Provision
			Interventions for Psychological/Psychiatric Difficulties Following Brain Injury
				Psycho-education and Information to Child, Parents, and School
				Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Brain Injury
				Family Intervention Directed to Helping Emotional/Behavioral Problems
				Pharmacological Interventions for Psychological Symptoms and Psychiatric Disorder Following Brain Injury
				Psychological Interventions for Emotional Difficulties
		Conclusion
		References
Part VII: Prevention, Treatment, and Services
	29 Family Work in the Community and CAMH Care System
		Introduction
		Understanding Family Work with Health Systems Perspective
		``Stepped-Up Care Model´´ and Families as ``Change Agents´´
			Families as ``Attitude, Behavior-Change Makers´´ at the Community Level
			Integration of CAMH Services at Various Levels of Care and Role of Families
			Empowered Families as Co-therapists and Collaborators at Tertiary Level
		Family Work Within the Health System: A Theory of Change (ToC) Framework
		Family Empowerment to Address Burden of Care
		Mitigating Impact of Migration and Climate Change Disasters
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	30 Mental Health in Schools
		Introduction
		How Does Childhood Mental Disorder Impact School?
			School Attendance
			School Dropout
			Exclusion from School
			Academic Attainment
		School-Specific Stressors with the Potential to Undermine Mental Health
		The Identification of Mental Disorder in Schools
		School-Based Interventions for Mental Disorder
			Emotional Disorders
			ADHD
			Behavioral Problems
			Who Is Best Placed to Deliver School-Based Mental Health Interventions?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	31 Education in Mental Health
		Education and Health: Health Education and Health Promotion in the Community
		Education and Mental Health: Public Mental Health Programs
		Education to Reduce Stigma in Mental Health Conditions
		The Role of the Family in Mental Health Education
		Education in Schools
		Education in More Specialized Mental Health Settings
		Other Barriers to Implementation and New Challenges for Mental Health Education
		References
	32 Misuse of Alcohol, Drugs, and Other Substances
		Introduction
		Prevalence and Correlates
		Substance Misuse in the Young: A Developmental Perspective
		Definitions Based on International Classificatory Systems
		Alternative Classifications for Substance Use in Young People
		Etiology: Risk and Protective Factors
		Mental Health Problems that Predate and Possibly Contribute to Substance Misuse
		Cooccurring Mental Health Problems
		Consequences of Substance Misuse
		Assessment
		Mental State Examination and Physical Examination
		Investigations
		Treatment
			Evidence Base for Treatment
		Prevention of Substance Misuse
		Evidence Base for Preventive Interventions
		Developing Treatment Programs in Developing Countries
		Innovative Strategies to Create Large System Change
		Developing Prevention Programs in Developing Countries
		Conclusions
		References
	33 Self-Harm and Suicidality in Children and Adolescents
		Introduction
		Epidemiology and Risk Factors
		Reasons for Self-Harm
		Prevention
		Assessment
		Management
			Psychological Therapies
			Hospital Admission and Discharge
			Medication
		Conclusions
		Other Resources
		References
	34 Services for Neurodevelopmental Disorders such as Autism Spectrum, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Tic...
		Introduction
		Goals
		Understanding About the Conditions
		Reduction of Core Symptoms
			ADHD
			Autism Spectrum Disorders
			Intellectual Developmental Disorders (Intellectual Disability)
			Tourette and Chronic Tics
		Recognition and Treatment of Complications
		Physical Illnesses
		Recognition and Treatment of Associated Problems
		Environmental Adjustments
		Organization of Services
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	35 Pharmacological Approaches in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
		Introduction
		General Issues
		Good Prescribing Practice for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Problems
		Off-Label Prescribing
		Dosing and Variation in Pharmacokinetics in Children and Adolescents
		Medication Treatments for Specific Disorders
			Medication Treatments for ADHD
				Stimulant Medications
				Non-stimulant Medications
				Practical Issues in the Pharmacological Management of ADHD
			Medication Treatments for Depression
				Suicidality
			Medication Treatments for Anxiety
			Medication Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
			Medication Treatments for Tics and Tourette´s
			Medication Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
			Medication Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
			Medication Treatments for Schizophrenia
		Managing Adverse Effects
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	36 Psychological Treatment of Mental Health Problems in Children and Adolescents
		Multimodal Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy
			Context Orientation and Multiple Intervention Levels
			Developmental Orientation
			Evidenced-Based Mechanisms of Change
			Focus on Specific Problem Behavior
			Individually Tailored Treatment
			Evidence-Based Treatment
		Multimodal Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy for Children with Internalizing and Externalizing Mental Health Problems
			Interventions for Internalizing Problem Behavior in Youth
				Interventions for Anxiety in Youth
				Interventions for Depression in Youth
				Interventions for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Eating Disorders in Youth
			Interventions for Externalizing Problem Behavior in Youth
				Interventions for Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder in Youth
				Interventions for Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Youth
		References
	37 Care Transition from Child/Adolescents to Adult Services
		Introduction
		Care Transition in the Global Context
		Psychopathology in Young People
		Transition Outcomes and Experiences
			Transition Pathways
				Adult Mental Health Services
				Alternative Destinations
			Outcomes Linked to Transitioning to AMHS
			Transition Experiences
				Young People
				Parents/Carers
		Barriers/Facilitators to Good Quality Care Transition
			Individual/Service User Level
				Factors Associated with Transitioning/Not Transitioning to AMHS
				Young Person´s Perspective
			Clinician Qualities, Relationships, and Practices Related to Transitioning
			Organizational Level
		Improving Care Transition
		Protocol and Reciprocal Agreement Model
		The Shared Management Framework Model
		Managed Transition Model
		Transition Program Model
		Youth-Friendly Service Model
		Involving Young Service Users
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
			Under Review
Part VIII: Mental Public Health Strategy and Policy
	38 Mental Health Strategy and Policy
		Introduction
		Urbanicity and Child and Adolescent Mental Health
		Mental Health Strategy and Policy in Rural and Urban Area
			Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Promotion and Prevention in Rural and Urban Areas
				Building Healthy Public Policy
				Creating Supportive Environments
					Family Centered
					Community Based
					Youth Engagement
					Cultural Sensitivity
				Reorienting Health Services
			Developing Personal Skills
			Strengthening Community Action
			Community Engagement and Collaboration
			Community Analysis
				Setting Shared Goal and Setting Priority
			Community Empowerment
			Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders: Treatment and Rehabilitation in Rural and Urban Area
		Service Delivery
			CAMHS Need Assessment
			Clients Classification Based on Clinical Severity
			Identification of Effective Intervention for Each Category
			Implementation Design
		Health Workforce
		Health Information Systems
		Access to Essential Medicines
		Financing
			Prioritizing Areas of CAMH Investment
			Building of a Coalition with CAMH Stakeholders
			Financial Resource Allocation
		Leadership and Governance
		SWOT Analysis and Strategic Planning
		Conclusion
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
Part IX: Health Economics
	39 A Public Health Response to Mental Health
		Introduction
		The Need
		Innovation and Scale-Up of Services
		Policy-Based Approaches
		A Whole Systems Approach
		Setting-Based Approach
		Making Use of Existing Services
		Promotion of Joint Working Across Sectors
		Assessment of Need Across Sectors
		Evidence-Based Strategies
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Part X: Education and Training of Child Mental Health Professionals
	40 Education and Training
		Introduction
		The Challenge of the Prevalence of Mental Health Problems Among Children and Adolescents
		CAMHS Training
			Acquisition of a Wide Range of Skills and Knowledge
			Frameworks for Training
			Methods for Learning
		Rapid Developments in Science and Delivery of Teaching
			Science
			Advances in Knowledge and Skills Transfer Using Electronic Media
				Knowledge
				Skill Development
		Why Have Medical Specialists in Child Mental Health?
		Dilemmas
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	41 Beginning Research
		Introduction: Why Should Clinicians Carry Out Research?
		Originating and Developing Research
		Formulation and Consultation
		Consulting the Literature
		Deciding on Measures
		Developing Evaluations of Practice
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
Index