Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology (Mosby Physiology Series)

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Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology
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PREFACE
1 - Introduction to the Endocrine System
	Chemical Nature of Hormones
		Proteins/Peptides
		Catecholamines
		Steroid Hormones
		Thyroid Hormones
	Transport of Hormones in the Circulation
	Cellular Responses to Hormones
		Transmembrane Receptors
		Transmembrane Receptors Using G Proteins
		Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
		Receptors Associated with Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinases
		Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors
		Membrane Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors
		Signaling from Intracellular Receptors
		Overview of the Termination Signals
2 - Endocrine Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	Enteroendocrine Hormone Families and their Receptors
	Gastrin and the Regulation of Gastric Function
		Overview of Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility
		Gastrin and the Stimulation of Gastric Function
	Enteroendocrine Regulation of the Exocrine Pancreas and Gallbladder
		Secretin
		Cholecystokinin
	Insulinotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal Peptides (Incretin Action)
		Gastric Inhibitory Peptide/Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide
		Glucagon-like Peptide-1
	Enterotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal Hormones
		Gastrin
		Secretin and Cholecystokinin
		Glucagon-like Peptide-1
		Glucagon-like Peptide-2
3 - Energy Metabolism
	Cell-Specific Metabolism of Primary Fuels
		Nutrient Partitioning: The Digestive Phase
		Nutrient Partitioning: The Fasting Phase
		Insulin
			Insulin Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion
			Insulin Receptor
		Glucagon
			Glucagon Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion
			Glucagon Receptor
		Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
		Intracellular Sensors and Regulators
	Metabolic Homeostasis: the Integrated Outcome of Hormonal and Substrate/Product Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
		Energy Metabolism During the Digestive Phase
		Utilization of Glucose
		Overview of Metabolism of Selected Amino Acids During the Digestive Phase
		Overview of Long-Chain Free Fatty Acid Metabolism During the Digestive Phase
			Storage of Glucose as Glycogen
			Glycolysis
				Phosphofructokinase-1.
				Pyruvate kinase.
			Entry of Pyruvate into the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
			Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
			De Novo Lipogenesis
	NADPH Production Through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
		Skeletal Muscle Metabolism During The Digestive Phase
			Adipocyte Metabolism During the Digestive Phase
		Adipocyte Metabolism During the Fasting Phase
		Skeletal Muscle Metabolism During the Fasting Phase
			Gluconeogenesis.
				Pyruvate Carboxylase.
					PEPCK.
					Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase.
				Switch to Use of FFAs for ATP and Ketogenesis.
	Adipose Tissue–Derived Hormones and Adipokines
	Appetite Control and Obesity
		Body Mass Index
		Hypothalamic Neurons and Appetite Control
		Long-Term Sequelae of Diabetes Mellitus
4 - Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis
	Calcium and Phosphorus are Important Dietary Elements That Play Many Crucial Roles in Cellular Physiology
	Physiologic Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Parathyroid Hormone, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, and Fgf23
		Parathyroid Hormone
			Parathyroid Glands
				Structure, synthesis, and secretion of parathyroid hormone.
			Parathyroid Hormone Receptor
		Vitamin D
			Structure, Synthesis, and Transport of Active Vitamin D Metabolites
			Vitamin D Receptor
	Small Intestine, Bone, and Kidney Determine Ca2+ and Pi Levels
		Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by the Small Intestine
		Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by Bone
		Histophysiology of Adult Bone
		Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by the Kidneys
		Regulation of Ca2+/Pi Metabolism by Immune and Inflammatory Cells
		Regulation of Ca2+/Pi Metabolism by Gonadal and Adrenal Steroid Hormones
		Pseudohypoparathyroidism
		Hypoparathyroidism
		Vitamin D Deficiency
		Paget Disease
		Bone Problems of Renal Failure (Renal Osteodystrophy)
5 - Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex
	Embryology and Anatomy
	Neurohypophysis
		Synthesis of Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin
			Regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
			Relationship Between Osmotic and Volume Stimuli
			Other Factors Altering Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
			Regulation of Thirst
			Degradation
		Oxytocin
			Oxytocin and Uterine Motility
			Oxytocin and Milk Letdown
			Degradation
			Pathologic Conditions Involving Oxytocin
	Adenohypophysis
		Endocrine Axes
		Endocrine Function of the Anterior Pituitary
		Corticotropes
		Thyrotropes
		Gonadotropes
		Somatotropes
			Effects of Growth Hormone on Growth
			Insulin-like Growth Factors
		Interaction of Role of Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor, and Insulin in Different Metabolic States
		Pathologic Conditions Involving Growth Hormone
			Growth Hormone Deficiency
			Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults
			Growth Hormone Excess Before Puberty
			Acromegaly
		Lactotropes
		Growth
6 - The Thyroid Gland
	Anatomy and Histology of the Thyroid Gland
	Production of Thyroid Hormones
		Iodide Balance
		Overview of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
		Synthesis of Iodothyronines Within a Thyroglobulin Backbone
		Secretion of Thyroid Hormones
	Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones
		Regulation of Thyroid Function
	Continued
		Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action
		Physiologic Effects of Thyroid Hormone
		Cardiovascular Effects
		Effects on Basal Metabolic Rate
		Respiratory Effects
		Skeletal Muscle Function
		Effects on the Autonomic Nervous System and Catecholamine Action
		Effects on Growth and Maturation
		Effects on Bone, Hard Tissues, and Dermis
		Effects on the Nervous System
		Effects on Reproductive Organs and Endocrine Glands
7 - The Adrenal Gland
	Anatomy
	Adrenal Medulla
		Synthesis of Epinephrine
		Mechanism of Action of Catecholamines
		Physiologic Actions of Adrenomedullary Catecholamines
		Metabolism of Catecholamines
	Adrenal Cortex
		Transport and Metabolism of Cortisol
			Mechanism of Action of Cortisol
			Physiologic Actions of Cortisol
				Metabolic actions.
				Cardiovascular actions.
				Antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive actions.
				Action on reproductive systems.
				Actions on bone.
				Actions on connective tissue.
				Actions on kidney.
			Actions on Muscle
				Gastrointestinal actions.
				Psychological actions.
					Actions of cortisol during fetal development.
		Regulation of Cortisol Production
		Zona Reticularis
			The Zona Reticularis Makes Adrenal Androgens
			Metabolism and Fate: DHEAS and DHEA
			Physiologic Actions of Adrenal Androgens
			Regulation of Zona Reticularis Function
	Zona Glomerulosa
		The Zona Glomerulosa Makes Aldosterone
			Transport and Metabolism of Aldosterone
			Mechanism of Aldosterone Action
			Actions on Other Epithelia
			Actions on Heart Muscle
			Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion
			Conn Syndrome
			Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
8 - Life Cycle of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
	General Components of a Reproductive System
	Overview of Meiosis
		The Female Reproductive System
	Sexual Development in Utero
		Male Development
	Female Development
		Physiologic Changes Associated With Puberty
		Males
		Females
		Andropause
9 - The Male Reproductive System
	Histophysiology of the Testis
		The Intratubular Compartment
			Developing Sperm Cells
			The Sertoli Cell
		The Peritubular Compartment
			The Leydig Cell
		Peripheral Conversion to Estrogen
		Peripheral Conversion to Dihydrotestosterone
		Peripheral Testosterone Actions
		Mechanism of Androgen Action
		Transport and Metabolism of Androgens
	Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis
		Regulation of Leydig Cell Function
		Regulation of Sertoli Cell Function
	Male Reproductive Tract
10 - The Female Reproductive System
	Anatomy and Histology of the Ovary
	Growth, Development, and Function of the Ovarian Follicle
		The Gamete
			Endocrine Function
			The Gamete
			Endocrine Function
			The Gamete
			Endocrine Function
			The Gamete
			Endocrine Function
		The Dominant Follicle During the Periovulatory Period
			Growth and Structure
			The Gamete
			Endocrine Function
			The Gamete
			Endocrine Function
		Follicular Atresia
		Follicular Development and the Monthly Menstrual Cycle
	The Human Menstrual Cycle
	Female Reproductive Tract
		Hormonal Regulation During the Menstrual Cycle
			Hormonal Regulation of the Uterine Endometrium During the Menstrual Cycle
				The Proliferative Phase.
				The Secretory Phase.
				The Menstrual Phase.
			Hormonal Regulation of the Myometrium­
			Hormonal Regulation of Cervical Mucus During the Menstrual Cycle
			Hormonal Regulation During the Menstrual Cycle
			Hormonal Regulation During the Menstrual Cycle
		Biologic Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone
		Transport and Metabolism of Ovarian Steroids
		Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
11 - Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Lactation
	Fertilization
		Early Embryogenesis and Implantation
		Structure of the Mature Placenta
		Endocrine Function of the Placenta
		Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
		Progesterone
		Estrogen
		Human Placental Lactogen
		Other Placental Hormones
	Placental Transport
	The Fetal Endocrine System
		Thyroid Gland
		Adrenal Gland
	Maternal Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy
		Cardiovascular Changes
		Respiratory Changes
		Renal Changes
		Gastrointestinal Changes
		Diabetogenicity of Pregnancy
	Parturition
		Placental Corticotropin–Releasing Hormone and the Fetal Adrenal Axis
		Estrogen
		Oxytocin
		Prostaglandins
		Uterine Size
		Hormonal Regulation of Mammary Gland Development
		Oral Contraceptives
		Hormonal Treatment for Emergency Contraception and Abortion
	In Vitro Fertilization
A - Answers to Self-Study Problems
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
B - Comprehensive Multiple-Choice Examination
	Answers to Comprehensive Multiple-Choice Examination
C - Abbreviations and Symbols