The Complete Story of Civilization

Vol. 1: Our Oriental Heritage (India, China & More) by Will
	Introduction
	The Establishment of Civilization
		Chapter 1: The Conditions of Civilization
		Chapter 2: The Economic Elements of Civilization
			1. From Hunting to Tillage
			2. The Foundations of Industry
			3. Economic Organization
		Chapter 3: The Political Elements of Civilization
			1. The Origins of Government
			2. The State
			3. Law
			4. The Family
		Chapter 4: The Moral Elements of Civilization
			1. Marriage
			2. Sexual Morality
			3. Social Morality
			4. Religion
				1. The Sources of Religion
				2. The Objects of Religion
				3. The Methods of Religion
				4. The Moral Function of Religion
		Chapter 5: The Mental Elements of Civilization
			1. Letters
			2. Science
			3. Art
			Chronological Chart: Types and Cultures of Prehistoric Man
		Chapter 6: The Prehistoric Beginnings of Civilization
			1. Paleolithic Culture
				1. Men of the Old Stone Age
				2. Arts of the Old Stone Age
			2. Neolithic Culture
			3. The Transition to History
				1. The Coming of Metals
				2. Writing
				3. Lost Civilizations
				4. Cradles of Civilization
	Book I: The Near East
		Chronological Table of Near Eastern History
		Chapter 7: Sumeria
			1. Elam
			1. The Sumerians
				1. The Historical Background
				2. Economic Life
				3. Government
				4. Religion and Morality
				5. Letters and Arts
			3. Passage to Egypt
		Chapter 8: Egypt
			1. The Gift of the Nile
				1. In the Delta
				2. Upstream
			2. The Master Builders
				1. The Discovery of Egypt
				2. Prehistoric Egypt
				3. The Old Kingdom
				4. The Middle Kingdom
				5. The Empire
			3. The Civilization of Egypt
				1. Agriculture
				2. Industry
				3. Government
				4. Morals
				5. Manners
				6. Letters
				7. Literature
				8. Science
				9. Art
				10. Philosophy
				11. Religion
			4. The Heretic King
			5. Decline and Fall
		Chapter 9: Babylonia
			1. From Hammurabi to Nebuchadrezzar
			2. The Toilers
			3. The Law
			4. The Gods of Babylon
			5. The Morals of Babylon
			6. Letters and Literature
			7. Artists
			9. Babylonian Science
			9. Philosophers
			10. Epitaph
		Chapter 10: Assyria
			1. Chronicles
			2. Assyrian Government
			3. Assyrian Life
			4. Assyrian Art
			5. Assyria Passes
		Chapter 11: A Motley of Nations
			1. The Indo-European Peoples
			2. The Semitic Peoples
		Chapter 12: Judea
			1. The Promised Land
			2. Solomon in All His Glory
			3. The God of Hosts
			4. The First Radicals
			5. The Death and Resurrection of Jerusalem
			6. The People of the Book
			7. The Literature and Philosophy of the Bible
		Chapter 13: Persia
			1. The Rise and Fall of the Medes
			2. The Great Kings
			3. Persian Life and Industry
			4. An Experiment in Government
			5. Zarathustra
			6. Zoroastrian Ethics
			7. Persian Manners and Morals
			8. Science and Art
			9. Decadence
	Book II: India and Her Neighbors
		Chronological Table of Indian History
		Chapter 14: The Foundations of India
			1. Scene of the Drama
			2. The Oldest Civilization?
			3. The Indo-Aryans
			4. Indo-Aryan Society
			5. The Religion of the Vedas
			6. The Vedas as Literature
			7. The Philosophy of the Upanishads
		Chapter 15: Buddha
			1. The Heretics
			2. Mahavira and the Jains
			3. The Legend of Buddha
			4. The Teaching of Buddha
			5. The Last Days of Buddha
		Chapter 16: From Alexander to Aurangzeb
			1. Chandragupta
			2. The Philosopher-King
			3. The Golden Age of India
			4. Annals of Rajputana
			5. The Zenith of the South
			6. The Moslem Conquest
			7. Akbar the Great
			8. The Decline of the Moguls
		Chapter 17: The Life of the People
			1. The Makers of Wealth
			2. The Organization of Society
			3. Morals and Marriage
			4. Manners, Customs and Character
		Chapter 18: The Paradise of the Gods
			1. The Later History of Buddhism
			2. The New Divinities
			3. Beliefs
			4. Curiosities of Religion
			5. Saints and Sceptics
		Chapter 19: The Life of the Mind
			1. Hindu Science
			2. The Six Systems of Brahmanical Philosophy
				1. The Nyaya System
				2. The Vaisheshika System
				3. The Sankhya System
				4. The Yoga System
				5. The Purva Mimansa
				6. The Vedanta System
			3. The Conclusions of Hindu Philosophy
		Chapter 20: The Literature of India
			1. The Languages of India
			2. Education
			3. The Epics
			4. Drama
			5. Prose and Poetry
		Chapter 21: Indian Art
			1. The Minor Arts
			2. Music
			3. Painting
			4. Sculpture
			5. Architecture
				1. Hindu Architecture
				2. “Colonial” Architecture
				3. Muslim Architecture in India
				4. Indian Architecture and Civilization
		Chapter 22: A Christian Epilogue
			1. The Jolly Buccaneers
			2. Latter-Day Saints
			3. Tagore
			4. East Is West
			5. The Nationalist Movement
			6. Mahatma Gandhi
			7. Farewell to India
	Book III: The Far East
		A. China
			Chronology of Chinese Civilization
			Chapter 23: The Age of the Philosophers
				1. The Beginnings
					1. Estimates of the Chinese
					2. The Middle Flowery Kingdom
					3. The Unknown Centuries
					4. The First Chinese Civilization
					5. The Pre-Confucian Philosophers
					6. The Old Master
				2. Confucius
					1. The Sage in Search of a State
					2. The Nine Classics
					3. The Agnosticism of Confucius
					4. The Way of the Higher Man
					5. Confucian Politics
					6. The Influence of Confucius
				3. Socialists and Anarchists
					1. Mo Ti, Altruist
					2. Yang Chu, Egoist
					3. Mencius, Mentor of Princes
					4. Hsun-Tze, Realist
					5. Chuang-Tze, Idealist
			Chapter 24: The Age of the Poets
				1. China’s Bismarck
				2. Experiments in Socialism
				3. The Glory of T’ang
				4. The Banished Angel
				5. Some Qualities of Chinese Poetry
				6. Tu Fu
				7. Prose
				8. The Stage
			Chapter 25: The Age of the Artists
				1. The Sung Renaissance
					1. The Socialism of Wang An-Shih
					2. The Revival of Learning
					3. The Rebirth of Philosophy
				2. Bronzes, Lacquer and Jade
				3. Pagodas and Palaces
				4. Painting
					1. Masters of Chinese Painting
					2. Qualities of Chinese Painting
				5. Porcelain
			Chapter 26: The People and the State
				1. Historical Interlude
					1. Marco Polo Visits Kublai Khan
					2. The Ming and the Ch’ing
				2. The People and Their Language
				3. The Practical Life
					1. In the Fields
					2. In the Shops
					3. Invention and Science
				4. Religion Without a Church
				5. The Rule of Morals
				6. A Government Praised by Voltaire
			Chapter 27: Revolution and Renewal
				1. The White Peril
				2. The Death of a Civilization
				3. Beginnings of a New Order
		B. Japan
			Chronology of Japanese Civilization
			Chapter 28: The Makers of Japan
				1. The Children of the Gods
				2. Primitive Japan
				3. The Imperial Age
				4. The Dictators
				5. Great Monkey-Face
				6. The Great Shogun
			Chapter 29: The Political and Moral Foundations
				1. The Samurai
				2. The Law
				3. The Toilers
				4. The People
				5. The Family
				6. The Saints
				7. The Thinkers
			Chapter 30: The Mind and Art of Old Japan
				1. Language and Education
				2. Poetry
				3. Prose
					1. Fiction
					2. History
					3. The Essay
				4. The Drama
				5. The Art of Little Things
				6. Architecture
				7. Metals and Statues
				8. Pottery
				9. Painting
				10. Prints
				11. Japanese Art and Civilization
			Chapter 31: The New Japan
				1. The Political Revolution
				2. The Industrial Revolution
				3. The Cultural Revolution
				4. The New Empire
	Envoi: Our Oriental Heritage
	Glossary of Foreign Terms
	Bibliography of Books Referred to in the Text
	Notes
	Pronouncing and Biographical Index
Vol. 2: The Life of Greece by Will
	BOOK I : AEGEAN PRELUDE: 3500–1000 B.C.
	Chronological Table
	Chapter I. C RETE
	I . The Mediterranean
	II . The Rediscovery of Crete
	III . The Reconstruction of a Civilization
	1. Men and Women
	2. Society
	3. Religion
	4. Culture
	IV . The Fall of Cnossus
	Chapter II. B EFORE A GAMEMNON
	I . Schliemann
	II . In the Palaces of the Kings
	III . Mycenaean Civilization
	IV . Troy
	Chapter III. T HE H EROIC A GE
	I . The Achaeans
	II . The Heroic Legends
	III . Homeric Civilization
	1. Labor
	2. Morals
	3. The Sexes
	4. The Arts
	5. The State
	IV . The Siege of Troy
	V . The Home-Coming
	VI . The Dorian Conquest
	BOOK II : THE RISE OF GREECE: 1000–480 B.C.
	Chronological Table
	Chapter IV. S PARTA
	I . The Environment of Greece
	II . Argos
	III . Laconia
	1. The Expansion of Sparta
	2. Sparta’s Golden Age
	3. Lycurgus
	4. The Lacedaemonian Constitution
	5. The Spartan Code
	6. An Estimate of Sparta
	IV . Forgotten States
	V . Corinth
	VI . Megara
	VII . Aegina and Epidaurus
	Chapter V. A THENS
	I . Hesiod’s Boeotia
	II . Delphi
	III . The Lesser States
	IV . Attica
	1. The Background of Athens
	2. Athens under the Oligarchs
	3. The Solonian Revolution
	4. The Dictatorship of Peisistratus
	5. The Establishment of Democracy
	Chapter VI. T HE G REAT M IGRATION
	I . Causes and Ways
	II . The Ionian Cyclades
	III . The Dorian Overflow
	IV . The Ionian Dodecapolis
	1. Miletus and the Birth of Greek Philosophy
	2. Polycrates of Samos
	3. Heracleitus of Ephesus
	4. Anacreon of Teos
	5. Chios, Smyrna, Phocaea
	V . Sappho of Lesbos
	VI . The Northern Empire
	Chapter VII. T HE G REEKS IN THE W EST
	I . The Sybarites
	II . Pythagoras of Crotona
	III . Xenophanes of Elea
	IV . From Italy to Spain
	V . Sicily
	VI . The Greeks in Africa
	Chapter VIII. T HE G ODS OF G REECE
	I . The Sources of Polytheism
	II . An Inventory of the Gods
	1. The Lesser Deities
	2. The Olympians
	III . Mysteries
	IV . Worship
	V . Superstitions
	VI . Oracles
	VII . Festivals
	VIII . Religion and Morals
	Chapter IX. T HE C OMMON C ULTURE OF E ARLY G REECE
	I . Individualism of the State
	II . Letters
	III . Literature
	IV . Games
	V . Arts
	1. Vases
	2. Sculpture
	3. Architecture
	4. Music and the Dance
	5. The Beginnings of the Drama
	VI . Retrospect
	Chapter X. T HE S TRUGGLE FOR F REEDOM
	I . Marathon
	II . Aristides and Themistocles
	III . Xerxes
	IV . Salamis
	BOOK III : THE GOLDEN AGE: 480–399 B.C.
	Chronological Table
	Chapter XI. P ERICLES AND THE D EMOCRATIC E XPERIMENT
	I . The Rise of Athens
	II . Pericles
	III . Athenian Democracy
	1. Deliberation
	2. Law
	3. Justice
	4. Administration
	Chapter XII. W ORK AND W EALTH IN A THENS
	I . Land and Food
	II . Industry
	III . Trade and Finance
	IV . Freemen and Slaves
	V . The War of the Classes
	Chapter XIII. T HE M ORALS AND M ANNERS OF THE A THENIANS
	I . Childhood
	II . Education
	III . Externals
	IV . Morals
	V . Character
	VI . Premarital Relations
	VII . Greek Friendship
	VIII . Love and Marriage
	IX . Woman
	X . The Home
	XI . Old Age
	Chapter XIV. T HE A RT OF P ERICLEAN G REECE
	I . The Ornamentation of Life
	II . The Rise of Painting
	III . The Masters of Sculpture
	1. Methods
	2. Schools
	3. Pheidias
	IV . The Builders
	1. The Progress of Architecture
	2. The Reconstruction of Athens
	3. The Parthenon
	Chapter XV. T HE A DVANCEMENT OF L EARNING
	I . The Mathematicians
	II . Anaxagoras
	III . Hippocrates
	Chapter XVI. T HE C ONFLICT OF P HILOSOPHY AND R ELIGION
	I . The Idealists
	II . The Materialists
	III . Empedocles
	IV . The Sophists
	V . Socrates
	1. The Mask of Silenus
	2. Portrait of a Gadfly
	3. The Philosophy of Socrates
	Chapter XVII. T HE L ITERATURE OF THE G OLDEN A GE
	I . Pindar
	II . The Dionysian Theater
	III . Aeschylus
	IV . Sophocles
	V . Euripides
	1. The Plays
	2. The Dramatist
	3. The Philosopher
	4. The Exile
	VI . Aristophanes
	1. Aristophanes and the War
	2. Aristophanes and the Radicals
	3. The Artist and the Thinker
	VII . The Historians
	Chapter XVIII. T HE S UICIDE OF G REECE
	I . The Greek World in the Age of Pericles
	II . How the Great War Began
	III . From the Plague to the Peace
	IV . Alcibiades
	V . The Sicilian Adventure
	VI . The Triumph of Sparta
	VII . The Death of Socrates
	BOOK IV THE DECLINE AND FALL OF GREEK FREEDOM 399–322 B.C.
	Chronological Table
	Chapter XIX. P HILIP
	I . The Spartan Empire
	II . Epaminondas
	III . The Second Athenian Empire
	IV . The Rise of Syracuse
	V . The Advance of Macedonia
	VI . Demosthenes
	Chapter XX. L ETTERS AND A RTS IN THE F OURTH C ENTURY
	I . The Orators
	II . Isocrates
	III . Xenophon
	IV . Apelles
	V . Praxiteles
	VI . Scopas and Lysippus
	Chapter XXI. T HE Z ENITH OF P HILOSOPHY
	I . The Scientists
	II . The Socratic Schools
	1. Aristippus
	2. Diogents
	III . Plato
	1. The Teacher
	2. The Artist
	3. The Metaphysician
	4. The Moralist
	5. The Utopian
	6. The Lawmaker
	IV . Aristotle
	1. Wander-Years
	2. The Scientist
	3. The Philosopher
	4. The Statesman
	Chapter XXII. A LEXANDER
	I . The Soul of a Conqueror
	II . The Paths of Glory
	III . The Death of a God
	IV . The End of an Age
	BOOK V : THE HELLENISTIC DISPERSION: 322–146 B.C.
	Chronological Table
	Chapter XXIII. G REECE AND M ACEDON
	I . The Struggle for Power
	II . The Struggle for Wealth
	III . The Morals of Decay
	IV . Revolution in Sparta
	V . The Ascendancy of Rhodes
	Chapter XXIV. H ELLENISM AND THE O RIENT
	I . The Seleucid Empire
	II . Seleucid Civilization
	III . Pergamum
	IV . Hellenism and the Jews
	Chapter XXV. E GYPT AND THE W EST
	I . The Kings’ Register
	II . Socialism under the Ptolemies
	III . Alexandria
	IV . Revolt
	V . Sunset in Sicily
	Chapter XXVI. B OOKS
	I . Libraries and Scholars
	II . The Books of the Jews
	III . Menander
	IV . Theocritus
	V . Polybius
	Chapter XXVII. T HE A RT OF THE D ISPERSION
	I . A Miscellany
	II . Painting
	III . Sculpture
	IV . Commentary
	Chapter XXVIII. T HE C LIMAX OF G REEK S CIENCE
	I . Euclid and Apollonius
	II . Archimedes
	III . Aristarchus, Hipparchus, Eratosthenes
	IV . Theophrastus, Herophilus, Erasistratus
	Chapter XXIX. T HE S URRENDER OF P HILOSOPHY
	I . The Skeptical Attack
	II . The Epicurean Escape
	III . The Stoic Compromise
	IV . The Return to Religion
	Chapter XXX. T HE C OMING OF R OME
	I . Pyrrhus
	II . Rome the Liberator
	III . Rome the Conqueror
	E PILOGUE : O UR G REEK H ERITAGE
	Glossary of Foreign Words
	Bibliography
	Notes
	Pronouncing and Biographical Index
Vol. 3: Caesar and Christ by Will
	INTRODUCTION : ORIGINS
		Chapter I. E TRUSCAN P RELUDE : 800-508 B . C .
		I. Italy
		II. Etruscan Life
		III. Etruscan Art
		IV. Rome Under the Kings
		V. The Etruscan Domination
		VI. The Birth of the Republic
	BOOK I: THE REPUBLIC: 508-30 B.C. .
		Chronological Table
		Chapter II. T HE S TRUGGLE FOR D EMOCRACY : 508-264 B . C .
		I. Patricians and Plebs
		II. The Constitution of the Republic
		1. The Lawmakers
		2. The Magistrates
		3. The Beginnings of Roman Law
		4. The Army of the Republic
		III. The Conquest of Italy
		Chapter III. H ANNIBAL A GAINST R OME : 264-202 B . C .
		I. Carthage
		II. Regulus
		III. Hamilcar
		IV. Hannibal
		V. Scipio
		Chapter IV. S TOIC R OME : 508-202 B . C .
		I. The Family
		II. The Religion of Rome
		1. The Gods
		2. The Priests
		3. Festivals
		4. Religion and Character
		III. Morals
		IV. Letters
		V. The Growth of the Soil
		VI. Industry
		VII. The City
		VIII. Post Mortem
		Chapter V. T HE G REEK C ONQUEST : 201-146 B . C .
		I. The Conquest of Greece
		II. The Transformation of Rome
		III. The New Gods
		IV. The Coming of Philosophy
		V. The Awakening of Literature
		VI. Cato and the Conservative Opposition
		VII. Carthago Deleta
	BOOK II : THE REVOLUTION: 145-30 B . C .
		Chronological Table
		Chapter VI. T HE A GRARIAN R EVOLT : 145-78 B . C .
		I. The Background of Revolution
		II. Tiberius Gracchus
		III. Caius Gracchus
		IV. Marius
		V. The Revolt of Italy
		VI. Sulla the Happy
		Chapter VII. T HE O LIGARCHIC R EACTION : 77-60 B . C .
		I. The Government
		II. The Millionaires
		III. The New Woman
		IV. Another Cato
		V. Spartacus
		VI. Pompey
		VII. Cicero and Catiline
		Chapter VIII. L ITERATURE UNDER THE R EVOLUTION : 145-30 B . C .
		I. Lucretius
		II. De Rerum Natura
		III. Lesbia’s Lover
		IV. The Scholars
		V. Cicero’s Pen
		Chapter IX. C AESAR : 100-44 B . C .
		I. The Rake
		II. The Consul
		III. Morals and Politics
		IV. The Conquest of Gaul
		V. The Degradation of Democracy
		VI. Civil War
		VII. Caesar and Cleopatra
		VIII. The Statesman
		IX. Brutus
		Chapter X. A NTONY : 44-30 B . C .
		I. Antony and Brutus
		II. Antony and Cleopatra
		III. Antony and Octavian
	BOOK III: THE PRINCIPATE: 30 B.C. .- A.D . 192
		Chronological Table
		Chapter XI. A UGUSTAN S TATESMANSHIP : 30 B . C .- A . D . 14
		I. The Road to Monarchy
		II. The New Order
		III. Saturnia Regna
		IV. The Augustan Reformation
		V. Augustus Himself
		VI. The Last Days of a God
		Chapter XII. T HE G OLDEN A GE : 30 B . C .- A . D . 18
		I. The Augustan Stimulus
		II. Virgil
		III. The Aeneid
		IV. Horace
		V. Livy
		VI. The Amorous Revolt
		Chapter XIII. T HE O THER S IDE OF M ONARCHY : A . D .14-96
		I. Tiberius
		II. Gaius
		III. Claudius
		IV. Nero
		V. The Three Emperors
		VI. Vespasian
		VII. Titus
		VIII. Domitian
		Chapter XIV. T HE S ILVER A GE : A . D . 14-96
		I. The Dilettantes
		II. Petronius
		III. The Philosophers
		IV. Seneca
		V. Roman Science
		VI. Roman Medicine
		VII. Quintilian
		VIII. Statius and Martial
		Chapter XV. R OME AT W ORK : A . D . 14-96
		I. The Sowers
		II. The Artisans
		III. The Carriers
		IV. The Engineers
		V. The Traders
		VI. The Bankers
		VII. The Classes
		VIII. The Economy and the State
		Chapter XVI. R OME AND I TS A RT : 30 B.C. .- A.D . 96
		I. The Debt to Greece
		II. The Toilers’ Rome
		III. The Homes of the Great
		IV. The Arts of Decoration
		V. Sculpture
		VI. Painting
		VII. Architecture
		1. Principles, Materials, and Forms
		2. The Temples of Rome
		3. The Arcuate Revolution
		Chapter XVII. E PICUREAN R OME : 30 B . C .- A . D . 96
		I. The People
		II. Education
		III. The Sexes
		IV. Dress
		V. A Roman Day
		VI. A Roman Holiday
		1. The Stage
		2. Roman Music
		3. The Games
		VII. The New Faiths
		Chapter XVIII. R OMAN L AW : 146 B.C. .- A.D . 192
		I. The Great Jurists
		II. The Sources of the Law
		III. The Law of Persons
		IV. The Law of Property
		V. The Law of Procedure
		VI. The Law of the Nations
		Chapter XIX. T HE P HILOSOPHER K INGS : A . D . 06-180
		I. Nerva
		II. Trajan
		III. Hadrian
		1. The Ruler
		2. The Wanderer
		3. The Builder
		IV. Antoninus Pius
		V. The Philosopher as Emperor.
		Chapter XX. L IFE AND T HOUGHT IN THE S ECOND C ENTURY : A.D . 96-192
		I. Tacitus
		II. Juvenal
		III. A Roman Gentleman
		IV. The Cultural Decline
		V. The Emperor as Philosopher
		VI. Commodus
	BOOK IV. THE EMPIRE: 146 B . C .- A . D . 192
		Chronological Table
		Chapter XXI. I TALY
		I. A Roster of Cities
		II. Pompeii
		III. Municipal Life
		Chapter XXII. C IVILIZING THE W EST
		I. Rome and the Provinces
		II. Africa
		III. Spain
		IV. Gaul
		V. Britain
		VI. The Barbarians
		Chapter XXIII. R OMAN G REECE
		I. Plutarch
		II. Indian Summer
		III. Epictetus
		IV. Lucian and the Skeptics
		Chapter XXIV. T HE H ELLENISTIC R EVIVAL
		I. Roman Egypt
		II. Philo
		III. The Progress of Science
		IV. Poets in the Desert
		V. The Syrians
		VI. Asia Minor
		VII. The Great Mithridates
		VIII. Prose
		IX. The Oriental Tide
		Chapter XXV. R OME AND J UDEA : 132 B.C. .- A.D . 135
		I. Parthia
		II. The Hasmoneans
		III. Herod the Great
		IV. The Law and Its Prophets
		V. The Great Expectation
		VI. The Rebellion
		VII. The Dispersion
	BOOK V THE YOUTH OF CHRISTIANITY 4 B.C. .- A.D . 325
		Chronological Table
		Chapter XXVI. J ESUS : 4 B.C. .- A.D . 30
		I. The Sources
		II. The Growth of Jesus
		III. The Mission
		IV. The Gospel
		V. Death and Transfiguration
		Chapter XXVII. T HE A POSTLES : A . D . 30-95
		I. Peter
		II. Paul
		1. The Persecutor
		2. The Missionary
		3. The Theologian
		4. The Martyr
		III. John
		Chapter XXVIII. T HE G ROWTH OF THE C HURCH : A . D . 96-305
		I. The Christians
		II. The Conflict of Creeds
		III. Plotinus
		IV. The Defenders of the Faith
		V. The Organization of Authority
		Chapter XXIX. T HE C OLLAPSE OF THE E MPIRE : A.D . 193-305
		I. A Semitic Dynasty
		II. Anarchy
		III. The Economic Decline
		IV. The Twilight of Paganism
		V. The Oriental Monarchy
		VI. The Socialism of Diocletian
		Chapter XXX. T HE T RIUMPH OF C HRISTIANITY : A.D . 306-325
		I. The War of Church and State
		II. The Rise of Constantine
		III. Constantine and Christianity
		IV. Constantine and Civilization
		E PILOGUE :
		I. Why Rome Fell
		II. The Roman Achievement
		Bibliography
		Notes
		Index
Vol. 4: The Age of Faith by Will
	BOOK I : THE BYZANTINE ZENITH: A.D . 325–565
		Chronological Table
		Chapter I. J ULIAN THE A POSTATE : 332–63
		I . The Legacy of Constantine
		II . Christians and Pagans
		III . The New Caesar
		IV . The Pagan Emperor
		V . Journey’s End
		Chapter II. T HE T RIUMPH OF THE B ARBARIANS : 325–476
		I . The Threatened Frontier
		II . The Savior Emperors
		III . Italian Background
		IV . The Barbarian Flood
		V . The Fall of Rome
		Chapter III. T HE P ROGRESS OF C HRISTIANITY : 364–451
		I . The Organization of the Church
		II . The Heretics
		III . The Christian West
		1. Rome
		2. St. Jerome
		3. Christian Soldiers
		IV . The Christian East
		1. The Monks of the East
		2. The Eastern Bishops
		V . St. Augustine
		1. The Sinner
		2. The Theologian
		3. The Philosopher
		4. The Patriarch
		VI . The Church and the World
		Chapter IV. E UROPE T AKES F ORM : 325–529
		I . Britain Becomes England
		II . Ireland
		III . Prelude to France
		1. The Last Days of Classic Gaul
		2. The Franks
		3. The Merovingians
		IV . Visigothic Spain
		V . Ostrogothic Italy
		1. Theodoric
		2. Boethius
		Chapter V. J USTINIAN : 527–65
		I . The Emperor
		II . Theodora
		III . Belisarius
		IV . The Code of Justinian
		V . The Imperial Theologian
		Chapter VI. B YZANTINE C IVILIZATION : 337–565
		I . Work and Wealth
		II . Science and Philosophy
		III . Literature
		IV . Byzantine Art
		1. The Passage from Paganism
		2. The Byzantine Artist
		3. St. Sophia
		4. From Constantinople to Ravenna
		5. The Byzantine Arts
		Chapter VII. T HE P ERSIANS : 224–641
		I . Sasanian Society
		II . Sasanian Royalty
		III . Sasanian Art
		IV . The Arab Conquest
	BOOK II : ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION: A.D . 569–1258
		Chronological Table
		Chapter VIII. M OHAMMED : 569–632
		I . Arabia
		II . Mohammed in Mecca
		III . Mohammed in Medina
		IV . Mohammed Victorious
		Chapter IX. T HE K ORAN
		I . Form
		II . Creed
		III . Ethics
		IV . Religion and the State
		V . Sources of the Koran
		Chapter X. T HE S WORD OF I SLAM : 632–1058
		I . The Successors
		II . The Umayyad Caliphate
		III . The Abbasid Caliphate
		1. Harun al-Rashid
		2. Decline of the Abbasids
		IV . Armenia
		Chapter XI. T HE I SLAMIC S CENE : 632–1058
		I . The Economy
		II . The Faith
		III . The People
		IV . The Government
		V . The Cities
		Chapter XII. T HOUGHT AND A RT IN E ASTERN I SLAM : 632–1058
		I . Scholarship
		II . Science
		III . Medicine
		IV . Philosophy
		V . Mysticism and Heresy
		VI . Literature
		VII . Art
		VIII . Music
		Chapter XIII. W ESTERN I SLAM : 641–1086
		I . The Conquest of Africa
		II . Islamic Civilization in Africa
		III . Islam in the Mediterranean
		IV . Spanish Islam
		1. Caliphs and Emirs
		2. Civilization in Moorish Spain
		Chapter XIV. T HE G RANDEUR AND D ECLINE OF I SLAM : 1058–1258
		I . The Islamic East
		II . The Islamic West
		III . Glimpses of Islamic Art
		IV . The Age of Omar Khayyam
		V . The Age of Sa’di
		VI . Moslem Science
		VII . Al-Ghazali
		VIII . Averroës
		IX . The Coming of the Mongols
		X . Islam and Christendom
	BOOK III : JUDAIC CIVILIZATION: A.D . 135–1300
		Chronological Table
		Chapter XV. T HE T ALMUD : 135–500
		I . The Exiles
		II . The Makers of the Talmud
		III . The Law
		1. Theology
		2. Ritual
		3. Ethics of the Talmud
		IV . Life and the Law
		Chapter XVI. T HE M EDIEVAL J EWS : 500–1300
		I . The Oriental Communities
		II . The European Communities
		III . Jewish Life
		1. Government
		2. Economy
		3. Morals
		4. Religion
		IV . Anti-Semitism
		Chapter XVII. T HE M IND AND H EART OF THE J EW : 500–1300
		I . Letters
		II . The Adventures of the Talmud
		III . Science Among the Jews
		IV . The Rise of Jewish Philosophy
		V . Maimonides
		VI . The Maimonidean War
		VII . The Cabala
		VIII . Release
	BOOK IV : THE DARK AGES: A.D . 566–1095
		Chronological Table
		Chapter XVIII. T HE B YZANTINE W ORLD : 566–1095
		I . Heraclius
		II . The Iconoclasts
		III . Imperial Kaleidoscope
		IV . Byzantine Life
		V . The Byzantine Renaissance
		VI . The Balkans
		VII . The Birth of Russia
		Chapter XIX. T HE D ECLINE OF THE W EST : 566–1066
		I . Italy
		1. The Lombards
		2. The Normans in Italy
		3. Venice
		4. Italian Civilization
		II . Christian Spain
		III . France
		1. The Coming of the Carolingians
		2. Charlemagne
		3. The Carolingian Decline
		4. Letters and Arts
		5. The Rise of the Dukes
		Chapter XX. T HE R ISE OF THE N ORTH : 566–1066
		I . England
		1. Alfred and the Danes
		2. Anglo-Saxon Civilization
		3. Between Conquests
		II . Wales
		III . Irish Civilization
		IV . Scotland
		V . The Northmen
		1. The Kings’ Saga
		2. Viking Civilization
		VI . Germany
		1. The Organization of Power
		2. German Civilization
		Chapter XXI. C HRISTIANITY IN C ONFLICT : 529–1085
		I . St. Benedict
		II . Gregory the Great
		III . Papal Politics
		IV . The Greek Church
		V . The Christian Conquest of Europe
		VI . The Nadir of the Papacy
		VII . The Reform of the Church
		VIII . The Great Eastern Schism
		IX . Gregory VII Hildebrand
		Chapter XXII. F EUDALISM AND C HIVALRY : 600–1200
		I . Feudal Origins
		II . Feudal Organization
		1. The Slave
		2. The Serf
		3. The Village Community
		4. The Lord
		5. The Feudal Church
		6. The King
		III . Feudal Law
		IV . Feudal War
		V . Chivalry
	BOOK V : THE CLIMAX OF CHRISTIANITY: A.D . 1095–1300
		Chronological Table
		Chapter XXIII. T HE C RUSADES : 1095–1291
		I . Causes
		II . The First Crusade
		III . The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
		IV . The Second Crusade
		V . Saladin
		VI . The Third Crusade
		VII . The Fourth Crusade
		VIII . The Collapse of the Crusades
		IX . The Results of the Crusades
		Chapter XXIV. T HE E CONOMIC R EVOLUTION : 1066–1300
		I . The Revival of Commerce
		II . The Progress of Industry
		III . Money
		IV . Interest
		V . The Guilds
		VI . The Communes
		VII . The Agricultural Revolution
		VIII . The Class War
		Chapter XXV. T HE R ECOVERY OF E UROPE : 1095–1300
		I . Byzantium
		II . The Armenians
		III . Russia and the Mongols
		IV . The Balkan Flux
		V . The Border States
		VI . Germany
		VII . Scandinavia
		VIII . England
		1. William the Conqueror
		2. Thomas à Becket
		3. Magna Carta
		4. The Growth of the Law
		5. The English Scene
		IX . Ireland—Scotland—Wales
		X . The Rhinelands
		XI . France
		1. Philip Augustus
		2. St. Louis
		3. Philip the Fair
		XII . Spain
		XIII . Portugal
		Chapter XXVI. P RE -R ENAISSANCE I TALY : 1057–1308
		I . Norman Sicily
		II . The Papal States
		III . Venice Triumphant
		IV . From Mantua to Genoa
		V . Frederick II
		1. The Excommunicate Crusader
		2. The Wonder of the World
		3. Empire vs. Papacy
		VI . The Dismemberment of Italy
		VII . The Rise of Florence
		Chapter XXVII. T HE R OMAN C ATHOLIC C HURCH : 1095–1294
		I . The Faith of the People
		II . The Sacraments
		III . Prayer
		IV . Ritual
		V . Canon Law
		VI . The Clergy
		VII . The Papacy Supreme
		VIII . The Finances of the Church
		Chapter XXVIII. T HE E ARLY I NQUISITION : 1000–1300
		I . The Albigensian Heresy
		II . The Background of the Inquisition
		III . The Inquisitors
		IV . Results
		Chapter XXIX. M ONKS AND F RIARS : 1095–1300
		I . The Monastic Life
		II . St. Bernard
		III . St. Francis
		IV . St. Dominic
		V . The Nuns
		VI . The Mystics
		VII . The Tragic Pope
		VII . Retrospect
		Chapter XXX. T HE M ORALS AND M ANNERS OF C HRISTENDOM : 700–1300
		I . The Christian Ethic
		II . Premarital Morality
		III . Marriage
		IV . Woman
		V . Public Morality
		VI . Medieval Dress
		VII . In the Home
		VIII . Society and Sport
		IX . Morality and Religion
		Chapter XXXI. T HE R ESURRECTION OF THE A RTS : 1095–1300
		I . The Esthetic Awakening
		II . The Adornment of Life
		III . Painting
		1. Mosaic
		2. Miniatures
		3. Murals
		4. Stained Glass
		IV . Sculpture
		Chapter XXXII. T HE G OTHIC F LOWERING : 1095–1300
		I . The Cathedral
		II . Continental Romanesque
		III . The Norman Style in England
		IV . The Evolution of Gothic
		V . French Gothic
		VI . English Gothic
		VII . German Gothic
		VIII . Italian Gothic
		IX . Spanish Gothic
		X . Considerations
		Chapter XXXIII. M EDIEVAL M USIC : 326–1300
		I . The Music of the Church
		II . The Music of the People
		Chapter XXXIV. T HE T RANSMISSION OF K NOWLEDGE : 1000–1300
		I . The Rise of the Vernaculars
		II . The World of Books
		III . The Translators
		IV . The Schools
		V . Universities of the South
		VI . Universities of France
		VII . Universities of England
		VIII . Student Life
		Chapter XXXV. A BÉLARD : 1079–1142
		I . Divine Philosophy
		II . Héloïse
		III . The Rationalist
		IV . The Letters of Heloise
		V . The Condemned
		Chapter XXXVI. T HE A DVENTURE OF R EASON : 1120–1308
		I . The School of Chartres
		II . Aristotle in Paris
		III . The Freethinkers
		IV . The Development of Scholasticism
		V . Thomas Aquinas
		VI . The Thomist Philosophy
		1. Logic
		2. Metaphysics
		3. Theology
		4. Psychology
		5. Ethics
		6. Politics
		7. Religion
		8. The Reception of Thomism
		VII . The Successors
		Chapter XXXVII. C HRISTIAN S CIENCE : 1095–1300
		I . The Magical Environment
		II . The Mathematical Revolution
		III . The Earth and Its Life
		IV . Matter and Energy
		V . The Revival of Medicine
		VI . Albertus Magnus
		VII . Roger Bacon
		VIII . The Encyclopedists
		Chapter XXXVIII. T HE A GE OF R OMANCE : 1100–1300
		I . The Latin Revival
		II . Wine, Woman, and Song
		III . The Rebirth of Drama
		IV . Epics and Sagas
		V . The Troubadours
		VI . The Minnesingers
		VII . The Romances
		VIII . The Satirical Reaction
		Chapter XXXIX. D ANTE : 1265–1321
		I . The Italian Troubadours
		II . Dante and Beatrice
		III . The Poet in Politics
		IV . The Divine Comedy
		1. The Poem
		2. Hell
		3. Purgatory
		4. Heaven
		E PILOGUE : T HE M EDIEVAL L EGACY
		Bibliography
		Notes
		Index
Vol. 5: The Renaissance by Will
	BOOK I . PRELUDE: 1300–77
		Chapter I: T HE A GE OF P ETRARCH AND B OCCACCIO : 1304–75
		I. The Father of the Renaissance
		II. Naples and Boccaccio
		III. The Poet Laureate
		IV. Rienzo’s Revolution
		V. The Wandering Scholar
		VI. Giotto
		VII. The Decameron
		VIII. Siena
		IX. Milan
		X. Venice and Genoa
		XI. Twilight of the Trecento
		XII. Perspective
		Chapter II: T HE P OPES IN A VIGNON : 1309–77
		I. The Babylonian Captivity
		II. The Road to Rome
		III. The Christian Life
	BOOK II : THE FLORENTINE RENAISSANCE: 1378–1534
		Chapter III: T HE R ISE OF THE M EDICI : 1378–1464
		I. The Setting
		II. The Material Basis
		III. Cosimo Pater Patriae
		IV. The Humanists
		V. Architecture: the Age of Brunellesco
		VI. Sculpture
		1. Ghiberti
		2. Donatello
		3. Luca della Robbia
		VII. Painting
		1. Masaccio
		2. Fra Angelico
		3. Fra Filippo Lippi
		VIII. A Miscellany
		Chapter IV: T HE G OLDEN A GE : 1464–92
		I. Piero il Gottoso
		II. The Development of Lorenzo
		III. Lorenzo the Magnificent
		IV. Literature: the Age of Politian
		V. Architecture and Sculpture: The Age of Verrocchio
		VI. Painting
		1. Ghirlandaio
		2. Botticelli
		VII. Lorenzo Passes
		Chapter V: S AVONAROLA AND THE R EPUBLIC : 1492–1534
		I. The Prophet
		II. The Statesman
		III. The Martyr
		IV. The Republic and the Medici
		V. Art under the Revolution
	BOOK III : ITALIAN PAGEANT: 1378–1534
		Chapter VI: M ILAN
		I. Background
		II. Piedmont and Liguria
		III. Pavia
		IV. The Visconti: 1378–1447
		V. The Sforzas: 1450–1500
		VI. Letters
		VII. Arts
		Chapter VII: L EONARDO DA V INCI
		I. Development: 1452–83
		II. In Milan: 1482–99
		III. In Florence: 1500–01, 1503–06
		IV. In Milan and Rome: 1506–16
		V. The Man
		VI. The Inventor
		VII. The Scientist
		VIII. In France: 1516–19
		IX. The School of Leonardo
		Chapter VIII: T USCANY AND U MBRIA
		I. Piero della Francesca
		II. Signorelli
		III. Siena and Sodoma
		IV. Umbria and the Baglioni
		V. Perugino
		Chapter IX: M ANTUA
		I. Vittorino da Feltre
		II. Andrea Mantegna
		III. The First Lady of the World
		Chapter X: F ERRARA
		I. The House of Este
		II. The Arts in Ferrara
		III. Letters
		IV. Ariosto
		V. Aftermath
		Chapter XI: V ENICE AND H ER R EALM
		I. Padua
		II. Venetian Economy
		III. Venetian Government
		IV. Venetian Life
		V. Venetian Art
		1. Architecture and Sculpture
		2. The Bellini
		3. From the Bellini to Giorgione
		4. Giorgione
		5. Titian: the Formative Years
		6. Minor Artists and Arts
		VI. Venetian Letters
		1. Aldus Manutius
		2. Bembo
		VII. Verona
		Chapter XII: E MILIA AND THE M ARCHES
		I. Correggio
		II. Bologna
		III. Along the Emilian Way
		IV. Urbino and Castiglione
		Chapter XIII: T HE K INGDOM OF N APLES
		I. Alfonso the Magnanimous
		II. Ferrante
	BOOK IV : THE ROMAN RENAISSANCE: 1378–1521
		Chapter XIV: T HE C RISIS IN THE C HURCH : 1378–1447
		I. The Papal Schism: 1378–1417
		II. The Councils and the Popes
		III. The Triumph of the Papacy
		Chapter XV: T HE R ENAISSANCE C APTURES R OME : 1447–92
		I. The Capital of the World
		II. Nicholas V: 1447–55
		III. Calixtus III: 1455–58
		IV. Pius II: 1458–64
		V. Paul II: 1464–71
		VI. Sixtus IV: 1471–84
		VII. Innocent VIII: 1484–92
		Chapter XVI: T HE B ORGIAS
		I. Cardinal borgia
		II. Alexander VI: 1492–1503
		III. The Sinner
		IV. Caesar Borgia
		V. Lucrezia Borgia
		VI. The Collapse of the Borgia Power
		Chapter XVII: J ULIUS II: 1503–13
		I. The Warrior
		II. Roman Architecture: 1492–1513
		III. The Young Raphael
		1. Development: 1483–1508
		2. Raphael and Julius II: 1508–13
		IV. Michelangelo
		1. Youth: 1475–1505
		2. Michelangelo and Julius II: 1505–13
		Chapter XVIII: L EO X: 1513–21
		I. The Boy Cardinal
		II. The Happy Pope
		III. Scholars
		IV. Poets
		V. The Recovery of Classic Art
		VI. Michelangelo and Leo X: 1513–20
		VII. Raphael and Leo X: 1513–20
		VIII. Agostino Chigi
		IX. Raphael: the Last Phase
		X. Leo Politicus
	BOOK V : DEBACLE
		Chapter XIX: T HE I NTELLECTUAL R EVOLT
		I. The Occult
		II. Science
		III. Medicine
		IV. Philosophy
		V. Guicciardini
		VI. Machiavelli
		1. The Diplomat
		2. The Author and the Man
		3. The Philosopher
		4. Considerations
		Chapter XX: T HE M ORAL R ELEASE
		I. The Founts and Forms of Immorality
		II. The Morals of the Clergy
		III. Sexual Morality
		IV. Renaissance Man
		V. Renaissance Woman
		VI. The Home
		VII. Public Morality
		VIII. Manners and Amusements
		IX. Drama
		X. Music
		XI. Perspective
		Chapter XXI: T HE P OLITICAL C OLLAPSE : 1494–1534
		I. France Discovers Italy: 1494–95
		II. The Attack Renewed: 1496–1505
		III. The League of Cambrai: 1508–16
		IV. Leo and Europe: 1513–21
		V. Adrian VI: 1522–23
		VI. Clement VII: the First Phase
		VII. The Sack of Rome: 1527
		VIII. Charles Triumphant: 1527–30
		IX. Clement VII and the Arts
		X. Michelangelo and Clement VII: 1520–34
		XI. The End of an Age: 1528–34
	BOOK VI : FINALE: 1534–76
		Chapter XXII: S UNSET IN V ENICE
		I. Venice Reborn
		II. Aretino
		III. Titian and the Kings
		IV. Tintoretto
		V. Veronese
		VI. Perspective
		Chapter XXIII: T HE W ANING OF THE R ENAISSANCE
		I. The Decline of Italy
		II. Science and Philosophy
		III. Literature
		IV. Twilight in Florence
		V. Benvenuto Cellini
		VI. Lesser Lights
		VII. Michelangelo: the Last Phase
	E NVOI
	B IBLIOGRAPHY
	N OTES
	I NDEX
Vol. 6: The Reformation by Will
	BOOK I: FROM WYCLIF TO LUTHER: 1300–1517
	Chapter I. T HE R OMAN C ATHOLIC C HURCH : 1300–1517
	I. The Services of Christianity
	II. The Church at Nadir
	III. The Triumphant Papacy
	IV. The Changing Environment
	V. The Case against the Church
	Chapter II. E NGLAND : W YCLIF , C HAUCER, AND THE G REAT R EVOLT : 1308–1400
	I. The Government
	II. John Wyclif
	III. The Great Revolt
	IV. The New Literature
	V. Geoffrey Chaucer
	VI. Richard II
	Chapter III. F RANCE B ESIEGED : 1300–1461
	I. The French Scene
	II. The Road to Crécy
	III. Black Death and Other
	IV. Revolution and Renewal
	V. The Mad King
	VI. Life among the Ruins
	VII. Letters
	VIII. Art
	IX. Joan of Arc
	X. France Survives
	Chapter IV. G ALLIA P HOENIX : 1453–1515
	I. Louis XI
	II. Italian Adventure
	III. The Rise of the Châteaux
	IV. François Villon
	Chapter V. E NGLAND IN THE F IFTEENTH C ENTURY : 1399–1509
	I. Kings
	II. The Growth of Wealth
	III. Morals and Manners
	IV. The Lollards
	V. English Art
	VI. Caxton and Malory
	VII. The English Humanists
	Chapter VI. E PISODE IN B URGUNDY: 1363–1515
	I. The Royal Dukes
	II. The Religious Spirit
	III. Sparkling Burgundy
	IV. Charles the Bold
	V. Art in the Lowlands
	Chapter VII. M IDDLE E UROPE : 1300–1460
	I. Land and Labor
	II. The Organization of Order
	III. Germany Challenges the Church
	IV. The Mystics
	V. The Arts
	VI. Gutenberg
	Chapter VIII. T HE W ESTERN S LAVS : 1300–1517
	I. Bohemia
	II. John Huss
	III. The Bohemian Revolution
	IV. Poland
	Chapter IX. T HE O TTOMAN T IDE : 1300–1516
	I. Second Blooming in Byzantium
	II. The Balkans Meet the Turks
	III. The Last Years of Constantinople
	IV. Hunyadi János
	V. The Tide at Full
	VI. The Hungarian Renaissance
	Chapter X. P ORTUGAL I NAUGURATES THE C OMMERCIAL R EVOLUTION : 1300–1517
	Chapter XI. S PAIN : 1300–1517
	I. The Spanish Scene
	II. Granada
	III. Ferdinand and Isabella
	IV. The Methods of the Inquisition
	V. Progress of the Inquisition
	VI. In Exitu Israel
	VII. Spanish Art
	VIII. Spanish Literature
	IX. Sovereign Death
	Chapter XII. T HE G ROWTH OF K NOWLEDGE: 1300–1517
	I. The Magicians
	II. The Teachers
	III. The Scientists
	IV. The Healers
	V. The Philosophers
	VI. The Reformers
	Chapter XIII. T HE C ONQUEST OF THE S EA : 1492–1517
	I. Columbus
	II. America
	III. The Waters of Bitterness
	IV. The New Perspective
	Chapter XIV. E RASMUS THE F ORERUNNER : 1469–1517
	I. The Education of a Humanist
	II. The Peripatetic
	III. The Satirist
	IV. The Scholar
	V. The Philosopher
	VI. The Man
	Chapter XV. G ERMANY ON THE E VE OF L UTHER : 1453–1517
	I. The Age of the Fuggers
	II. The State
	III. The Germans
	IV. The Maturing of German Art
	V. Albrecht Dürer
	VI. The German Humanists
	VII. Ulrich von Hutten
	VIII. The German Church
	BOOK II : THE RELIGIOUS REVOLUTION: 1517–64
	Chapter XVI. L UTHER: THE R EFORMATION IN G ERMANY: 1517–24
	I. Tetzel
	II. The Genesis of Luther
	III. The Revolution Takes Form
	IV. Bulls and Blasts
	V. The Diet of Worms
	VI. The Radicals
	VII. The Foundations of Faith
	VIII. Luther’s Theology
	IX. The Revolutionist
	Chapter XVII. T HE S OCIAL R EVOLUTION : 1522–36
	I. The Mounting Revolt
	II. The Peasants’ War
	III. The Anabaptists Try Communism
	Chapter XVIII. Z WINGLI : T HE R EFORMATION IN S WITZERLAND: 1477–1531
	I. Multum in Parvo
	II. Zwingli
	III. The Zwinglian Reformation
	IV. Onward, Christian Soldiers
	Chapter XIX. L UTHER AND E RASMUS: 1517–36
	I. Luther
	II. The Intolerant Heretics
	III. The Humanists and the Reformation
	IV. Erasmus Appendix
	Chapter XX. T HE F AITHS AT W AR : 1525–60
	I. The Protestant Advance
	II. The Diets Disagree
	III. The Lion of Wittenberg
	IV. The Triumph of Protestantism
	Chapter XXI. J OHN C ALVIN : 1509–64
	I. Youth
	II. The Theologian
	III. Geneva and Strasbourg
	IV. The City of God
	V. The Conflicts of Calvin
	VI. Michael Servetus
	VII. An Appeal for Toleration
	VIII. Calvin to the End
	Chapter XXII. F RANCIS I AND THE R EFORMATION IN F RANCE 1515–59
	I. Le Roi Grand Nez
	II. France in 1515
	III. Marguerite of Navarre
	IV. The French Protestants
	V. Hapsburg and Valois
	VI. War and Peace
	VII. Diane de Poitiers
	Chapter XXIII. H ENRY VIII AND C ARDINAL W OLSEY : 1509–29
	I. A Promising King
	II. Wolsey
	III. Wolsey and the Church
	IV. The King’s “Divorce”
	Chapter XXIV. H ENRY VIII AND T HOMAS M ORE : 1529–35
	I. The Reformation Parliament
	II. The Utopian
	III. The Martyr
	IV. A Tale of Three Queens
	Chapter XXV. H ENRY VIII AND THE M ONASTERIES : 1535–47
	I. The Technique of Dissolution
	II. The Obstinate Irish
	III. Every Ounce a King
	IV. The Dragon Retires
	Chapter XXVI. E DWARD VI AND M ARY T UDOR : 1547–58
	I. The Somerset Protectorate
	II. The Warwick Protectorate
	III. The Gentle Queen
	IV. “Bloody Mary”
	Chapter XXVII. F ROM R OBERT B RUCE TO J OHN K NOX : 1300–1561
	I. The Indomitable Scots
	II. Royal Chronicle
	III. John Knox
	IV. The Congregation of Jesus Christ
	Chapter XXVIII. T HE M IGRATIONS OF R EFORM : 1517–60
	I. The Scandinavian Scene
	II. The Swedish Reformation
	III. The Danish Reformation
	IV. Protestantism in Eastern Europe
	V. Charles V and the Netherlands
	VI. Spain:
	1. The Revolt of the Comuneros
	2. The Spanish Protestanis
	3. The Emperor Passes
	BOOK III : THE STRANGERS IN THE GATE: 1300–1566
	Chapter XXIX. T HE U NIFICATION OF R USSIA : 1300–1584
	I. The People
	II. The Princes of Moscow
	III. Ivan the Terrible
	Chapter XXX. T HE G ENIUS OF I SLAM: 1258–1520
	I. The II-Khans of Persia
	II. Hafiz
	III. Timur
	IV. The Mamluks
	V. The Ottomans
	VI. Islamic Literature
	VII. Art in Asiatic Islam
	VIII. Islamic Thought
	Chapter XXXI. S ULEIMAN THE M AGNIFICENT : 1520–66
	I. African Islam
	II. Safavid Persia
	III. Suleiman and the West
	IV. Ottoman Civilization
	1. Government
	2. Morals
	3. Letters and Arts
	V. Suleiman Himself
	Chapter XXXII. T HE J EWS : 1300–1564
	I. The Wanderers
	II. On the Rack
	III. The Second Dispersion
	IV. The Technique of Survival
	V. Jewish Thought
	BOOK IV : BEHIND THE SCENES: 1517–64
	Chapter XXXIII. T HE L IFE OF THE P EOPLE
	I. The Economy
	II. Law
	III. Morals
	IV. Manners
	Chapter XXXIV. M USIC : 1300–1564
	I. The Instruments
	II. The Flemish Ascendancy
	III. Music and the Reformation
	IV. Palestrina
	Chapter XXXV. L ITERATURE IN THE A GE OF R ABELAIS
	I. Of Making Books
	II. Schools
	III. Scholars
	IV. The French Renaissance
	V. Rabelais
	1. Himself
	2. Gargantua
	3. Pantagruel
	4. The King’s Jester
	VI. Ronsard and the Pléiade
	VII. Wyatt and Surrey
	VIII. Hans Sachs
	IX. The Iberian Muse
	Chapter XXXVI. A RT IN THE A GE OF H OLBEIN
	I. Art, the Reformation, and the Renaissance
	II. The Art of the French Renaissance
	1. “A Malady of Building”
	2. The Ancillary Arts
	III. Pieter Brueghel
	IV. Cranach and the Germans
	V. The Tudor Style
	VI. Holbein the Younger
	VII. Art in Spain and Portugal
	Chapter XXXVII. S CIENCE IN THE A GE OF C OPERNICUS
	I. The Cult of the Occult
	II. The Copernican Revolution
	III. Magellan and the Discovery of the Earth
	IV. The Resurrection of Biology
	V. Vesalius
	VI. The Rise of Surgery
	VII. Paracelsus and the Doctors
	VIII. The Skeptics
	IX. Ramus and the Philosophers
	BOOK V : THE COUNTER REFORMATION: 1517–65
	Chapter XXXVIII. T HE C HURCH AND R EFORM
	I. Italian Protestant Reformers
	II. Italian Catholic Reform
	III. St. Teresa and Monastic Reform
	IV. Ignatius Loyola
	V. The Jesuits
	Chapter XXXIX. T HE P OPES AND THE C OUNCIL
	I. The Popes at Bay
	II. Censorship and Inquisition
	III. The Council of Trent
	E PILOGUE : R ENAISSANCE , R EFORMATION, AND E NLIGHTENMENT
	B IBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE
	N OTES
	I NDEX
Vol. 7: The Age of Reason Begins by Will
	BOOK I: THE ENGLISH ECSTASY: 1558–1648
		Chapter I. T HE G REAT Q UEEN : 1558–1603
		I. The Uses of Adversity
		II. Elizabethan Government
		III. The Amorous Virgin
		IV. Elizabeth and Her Court
		V. Elizabeth and Religion
		VI. Elizabeth and the Catholics
		VII. Elizabeth and the Puritans
		VIII. Elizabeth and Ireland
		IX. Elizabeth and Spain
		X. Raleigh and Essex
		XI. The Magic Fades
		Chapter II. M ERRIE E NGLAND : 1558–1625
		I. At Work
		II. In the Schools
		III. Virtue and Vice
		IV. Justice and the Law
		V. In the Home
		VI. English Music
		VII. English Art
		VIII. Elizabethan Man
		Chapter III. O N THE S LOPES OF P ARNASSUS : 1558–1603
		I. Books
		II. The War of the Wits
		III. Philip Sidney
		IV. Edmund Spenser
		V. The Stage
		VI. Christopher Marlowe
		Chapter IV. W ILLIAM S HAKESPEARE : 1564–1616
		I. Youth
		II. Development
		III. Mastery
		IV. Artistry
		V. Philosophy
		VI. Reconciliation
		VII. Post-Mortem
		Chapter V. M ARY Q UEEN OF S COTS : 1542–87
		I. The Fairy Queen
		II. Scotland
		III. Mary and Knox
		IV. The Queen in Love
		V. Expiation
		Chapter VI. J AMES VI AND I: 1567–1625
		I. James VI of Scotland
		II. James I of England
		III. The Gunpowder Plot
		IV. The Jacobean Stage
		V. Ben Jonson
		VI. John Donne
		VII. James Sows the Whirlwind
		Chapter VII. T HE S UMMONS TO R EASON : 1558–1649
		I. Superstition
		II. Science
		III. The Rise and Fall of Francis Bacon
		IV. The Great Renewal
		V. A Statesman’s Philosophy
		VI. The Chanticleer of Reason
		Chapter VIII. T HE G REAT R EBELLION : 1625–49
		I. The Changing Economy
		II. The Religious Caldron
		III. The Puritans and the Theater
		IV. Caroline Prose
		V. Caroline Poetry
		VI. Charles I versus Parliament
		VII. Charles Absolute
		VIII. The Long Parliament
		IX. The First Civil War
		X. The Radicals
		XI. Finis
			BOOK II : THE FAITHS FIGHT FOR POWER: 1556–1648
		Chapter IX. A LMA M ATER I TALIA : 1564–1648
		I. The Magic Boot
		1. In the Foothills of the Alps
		2. Venice
		3. From Padua to Bologna
		4. Naples
		II. Rome and the Popes
		III. The Jesuits
		1. In Europe
		2. In Partibus Infidelium
		IV. Italian Days and Nights
		V. The Birth of the Opera
		VI. Letters
		VII. Tasso
		VIII. The Coming of Baroque
		IX. The Arts in Rome
		X. Bernini
		Chapter X. G RANDEUR AND D ECADENCE OF S PAIN : 1556–1665
		I. Spanish Life
		II. Philip II
		III. Philip III
		IV. Philip IV
		V. Portugal
		Chapter XI. T HE G OLDEN A GE OF S PANISH L ITERATURE : 1556–1665
		I. El Siglo de Oro
		II. Cervantes
		III. The Poets
		IV. Lope de Vega V. Calderón
		Chapter XII. T HE G OLDEN A GE OF S PANISH A RT : 1556–1682
		I. Ars Una, Species Mille
		II. El Greco
		III. Zurbarán
		IV. Velázquez
		V. Murillo
		Chapter XIII. T HE D UEL FOR F RANCE : 1559–74
		I. The Rival Forces
		II. Catherine de Médicis
		III. Arbitrament of Blood
		IV. Massacre
		Chapter XIV. H ENRY IV: 1553–1610
		I. Love and Marriage
		II. Henry III
		III. The Road to Paris
		IV. The Creative King
		V. The Satyr
		VI. Assassination
		Chapter XV. R ICHELIEU : 1585–1642
		I. Between Two Kings
		II. Louis XIII
		III. The Cardinal and the Huguenots
		IV. The Cardinal and the Nobles
		V. The Cardinal Supreme
		VI. Epitaph
		Chapter XVI. F RANCE B ENEATH THE W ARS : 1559–1643
		I. Morals
		II. Manners
		III. Michel de Montaigne
		1. Education
		2. Friendship and Marriage
		3. The Essays
		4. The Philosopher
		5. The Rolling Stone
		IV. Immortals for a Day
		V. Pierre Corneille
		VI. Architecture
		VII. Many Arts
		VIII. Poussin and the Painters
		Chapter XVII. T HE R EVOLT OF THE N ETHERLANDS : 1558–1648
		I. Mise-en-Scène
		II. Margaret of Parma
		III. Alva in the Netherlands
		IV. Requeséns and Don Juan
		V. Parma and Orange
		VI. Triumph
		Chapter XVIII. F ROM R UBENS TO R EMBRANDT : 1555–1660
		I. The Flemings
		II. Flemish Art
		III. Rubens
		IV. Vandyck
		V. The Dutch Economy
		VI. Dutch Life and Letters
		VII. Dutch Arts
		VIII. Frans Hals
		IX. Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn
		Chapter XIX. T HE R ISE OF THE N ORTH : 1559–1648
		I. Denmark as a Great Power
		II. Sweden
		1. The Rival Faiths
		2. Gustavus Adolphus
		3. Queen Christina
		III. Poland Goes to Canossa
		1. The State
		2. The Civilization
		IV. Holy Russia
		1. The People
		2. Boris Godunov
		3. “Time of Troubles”
		Chapter XX. T HE I SLAMIC C HALLENGE : 1566–1648
		I. The Turks
		II. Lepanto
		III. Decline of the Sultans
		IV. Shah Abbas the Great
		V. Safavid Persia
		Chapter XXI. I MPERIAL A RMAGEDDON : 1564–1648
		I. The Emperors
		II. The Empire
		III. Morals and Manners
		IV. Letters and Arts
		V. The Hostile Creeds
		VI. The Thirty Years’ War
		1. The Bohemian Phase
		2. Wallenstein
		3. Gustavus’ Saga
		4. Degradation
		VII. The Peace of Westphalia
			BOOK III : THE TENTATIVES OF REASON: 1558–1648
		Chapter XXII. S CIENCE IN THE A GE OF G ALILEO : 1558–1648
		I. Superstition
		II. The Transmission of Knowledge
		III. The Tools and Methods of Science
		IV. Science and Matter
		V. Science and Life
		VI. Science and Health
		VII. From Copernicus to Kepler
		VIII. Kepler
		IX. Galileo
		1. The Physicist
		2. The Astronomer
		3. On Trial
		4. The Patriarch
		Chapter XXIII. P HILOSOPHY R EBORN : 1564–1648
		I. Skeptics
		II. Giordano Bruno
		III. Vanini and Campanella
		IV. Philosophy and Politics
		1. Juan de Mariana
		2. Jean Bodin
		3. Hugo Grotius
		V. The Epicurean Priest
		VI. René Descartes
	B IBLIOGRAPHICAL G UIDE
	NOTES
	INDEX
Vol. 8: The Age of Louis XIV by Will
	BOOK I: THE FRENCH ZENITH: 1643–1715
		Chapter I. T HE S UN R ISES: 1643–84
		I . Mazarin and the Fronde
		II . The King
		III . Nicolas Fouquet
		IV . Colbert Rebuilds France
		V . Manners and Morals
		VI . The Court
		VII . The King’s Women
		VIII. Le Roi S’en Va-t-en Guerre
		Chapter II. T HE C RUCIBLE OF F AITH: 1643–1715
		I . The King and the Church
		II . Port-Royal: 1204–1626
		III . The Jansenists and the Jesuits
		IV . Pascal
		1. Himself
		2. The Provincial Letters
		3. In Defense of Faith
		V . Port-Royal: 1656–1715
		VI . The King and the Huguenots
		VII . Bossuet
		VIII. Fénelon
		Chapter III. T HE K ING AND THE A RTS: 1643–1715
		I . The Organization of the Arts
		II . Architecture
		III . Decoration
		IV . Painting
		V . Sculpture
		Chapter IV. M OLIÈRE: 1622–73
		I . The French Theater
		II . Apprenticeship
		III . Molière and the Ladies
		IV . L’Affaire Tartuffe
		V . The Amorous Atheist
		VI . Meridian
		VII . Curtain
		Chapter V. T HE C LASSIC Z ENITH IN F RENCH L ITERATURE: 1643–1715
		I . Milieu
		II . Corneille Postscript
		III . Racine
		IV . La Fontaine
		V . Boileau
		VI . The Romantic Protest
		VII . Mme. de Sévigné
		VIII . La Rochefoucauld
		IX . La Bruyère
		X . For Good Measure
		Chapter VI. T RAGEDY IN THE N ETHERLANDS: 1649–1715
		I . The Spanish Netherlands
		II . The Dutch Republic
		III . The Flowering of Genre,
		IV . Jan de Witt
		V . William III of Orange
	BOOK II: ENGLAND: 1649–1714
		Chapter VII. C ROMWELL: 1649–60
		I . The Socialist Revolt
		II . The Irish Revolt
		III . The Scottish Revolt
		IV . Oliver Absolute
		V . Puritan Heyday
		VI . The Quakers
		VII . Death and Taxes
		VIII . The Road Back
		IX . The King Returns
		Chapter VIII. M ILTON: 1608–74
		I . John Bunyan
		II . The Young Poet
		III . The Reformer
		IV . Marriage and Divorce
		V . Freedom of the Press
		VI . The Latin Secretary
		VII . The Old Poet
		VIII . The Final Years
		Chapter IX. T HE R ESTORATION: 1660–85
		I . The Happy King
		II . The Religious Caldron
		III . The English Economy
		IV . Art and Music
		V . Morals
		VI . Manners
		VII . Religion and Politics
		VIII . The “Popish Plot”
		IX . Comoedia finita
		Chapter X. T HE G LORIOUS R EVOLUTION: 1685–1714
		I . The Catholic King
		II . Deposuit potentes de sede
		III . England under William III
		IV . England under Queen Anne
		Chapter XI. F ROM D RYDEN TO S WIFT: 1660–1714
		I . A Free Press
		II . The Restoration Drama
		III . John Dryden
		IV . A Catalogue
		V . Evelyn and Pepys
		VI . Daniel Defoe
		VII . Steele and Addison
		VIII . Jonathan Swift
	BOOK III: THE PERIPHERY: 1648–1715
		Chapter XII. T HE S TRUGGLE FOR THE B ALTIC: 1648–1721
		I . Adventurous Sweden
		II . Poland and Sobieski
		III . Russia Turns West
		IV . Peter Learning
		V . Charles XII and the Great Northern War
		Chapter XIII. P ETER T HE G REAT: 1698–1725
		I . The Barbarian
		II . The Petrine Revolution
		III . Aftermath
		Chapter XIV. T HE C HANGING E MPIRE: 1648–1715
		I . The Reorganization of Germany
		II . The German Soul
		III . The Arts in Germany
		IV . Austria and the Turks
		Chapter XV. T HE F ALLOW S OUTH: 1648–1715
		I . Catholic Italy
		II . Italian Art
		III . The Christine Odyssey
		IV . From Monteverdi to Scarlatti
		V . Portugal
		VI . The Collapse of Spain
		Chapter XVI. T HE J EWISH E NCLAVES: 1564–1715
		I . The Sephardim
		II . The Dutch Jerusalem
		III . England and the Jews
		IV . The Ashkenazim
		V . The Inspirations of Faith
		VI . Heretics
	BOOK IV: THE INTELLECTUAL ADVENTURE: 1648–1715
		Chapter XVII. F ROM S UPERSTITION TO S CHOLARSHIP: 1648–1715
		I . Impediments
		II . Education
		III . The Scholars
		Chapter XVIII. T HE S CIENTIFIC Q UEST: 1648–1715
		I . The International of Science
		II . Mathematics
		III . Astronomy
		IV . The Earth
		V . Physics
		VI . Chemistry
		VII . Technology
		VIII . Biology
		IX . Anatomy and Physiology
		X . Medicine
		XI . Results
		Chapter XIX. I SAAC N EWTON: 1642–1727
		I . The Mathematician
		II . The Physicist
		III . The Genealogy of Gravitation
		IV . The Principia
		V . Evening
		Chapter XX. E NGLISH P HILOSOPHY : 1648–1715
		I . Thomas Hobbes
		1. Formative Influences
		2. Logic and Psychology
		3. Ethics and Politics
		4. Religion and the State
		5. Baiting the Bear
		6. Results
		II . Harrington’s Utopia
		III . The Deists
		IV . Defenders of the Faith
		V . John Locke
		1. Biography
		2. Government and Property
		3. Mind and Matter
		4. Religion and Toleration
		VI . Shaftesbury
		VII . George Berkeley
		Chapter XXI. F AITH AND R EASON IN F RANCE: 1648–1715
		I . The Vicissitudes of Cartesianism
		II . Cyrano de Bergerac
		III . Malebranche
		IV . Pierre Bayle
		V . Fontenelle
		Chapter XXII. S PINOZA: 1632–77
		I . The Young Heretic
		II . Theology and Politics
		III . The Philosopher
		IV . God
		V . Mind
		VI . Man
		VII . Reason
		VIII . The State
		IX . The Chain of Influence
		Chapter XXIII. L EIBNIZ: 1646–1716
		I . The Philosophy of Law
		II . Wanderjahre
		III . Leibniz and Christianity
		IV . Locke Reviewed
		V . Monads
		VI . Was God Just?
		VII . Paralipomena
	BOOK V: FRANCE AGAINST EUROPE: 1683–1715
		Chapter XXIV. T HE S UN S ETS
		I . Mme. de Maintenon
		II . The Grand Alliance: 1689–97
		III . The Spanish Problem
		IV . The Grand Alliance: 1701–2
		V . The War of the Spanish Succession
		VI . Twilight of the God
		B IBLIOGRAPHICAL G UIDE
		N OTES
		I NDEX
Vol. 9: The Age of Voltaire by Will
	PROLOGUE
		Chapter I. F RANCE : T HE R EGENCY : 1715–23
		I. The Young Voltaire
		II. The Struggle for the Regency
		III. Boom and Crash
		IV. The Regent
		V. Society Under the Regency
		VI. Watteau and the Arts
		VII. Authors
		VIII. The Incredible Cardinal
		IX. Voltaire and the Bastille
	BOOK I : ENGLAND: 1714–56
		Chapter II. T HE P EOPLE
		I. Prelude to the Industrial Revolution
		1. The Sustainers
		2. Industry
		3. Invention
		4. Capital and Labor
		5. Transport and Trade
		6. Money
		II. Aspects of London
		III. Schools
		IV. Morals
		V. Crime and Punishment
		VI. Manners
		VII. Chesterfield
		Chapter III. T HE R ULERS
		I. George I
		II. George II and Queen Caroline
		III. Robert Walpole
		IV. Bolingbroke
		V. How to Get into a War
		VI. Ireland
		VII. Scotland
		VIII. Bonnie Prince Charlie
		IX. The Rise of William Pitt
		Chapter IV. R ELIGION AND P HILOSOPHY
		I. The Religious Situation
		II. The Deistic Challenge
		III. The Religious Rebuttal
		IV. John Wesley
		V. Of Bees and Men
		VI. David Hume
		1. The Young Philosopher
		2. Reason Deflated
		3. Morals and Miracles
		4. Darwinism and Christianity
		5. Communism and Democracy
		6. History
		7. The Old Philosopher
		Chapter V. L ITERATURE AND THE S TAGE
		I. The Realm of Ink
		II. Alexander Pope
		III. The Voices of Feeling
		IV. The Stage
		V. The Novel
		1. Samuel Richardson
		2. Henry Fielding
		3. Tobias Smollett
		VI. Lady Mary
		Chapter VI. A RT AND M USIC
		I. The Artists
		II. William Hogarth
		III. The Musicians
		IV. Handel
		1. Growth
		2. The Conquest of England
		3. Defeat
		4. The Oratorios
		5. Prometheus
		V. Voltaire in England
	BOOK II : FRANCE: 1723–56
		Chapter VII. T HE P EOPLE AND THE S TATE
		I. The Nobility
		II. The Clergy
		III. The Third Estate
		1. The Peasantry
		2. The Proletariat
		3. The Bourgeoisie
		IV. The Government
		V. Louis XV
		VI. Mme. de Pompadour
		Chapter VIII. M ORALS AND M ANNERS
		I. Education
		II. Morals
		III. Manners
		IV. Music
		V. The Salons
		Chapter IX. T HE W ORSHIP OF B EAUTY
		I. The Triumph of Rococo
		II. Architecture
		III. Sculpture
		IV. Painting
		1. In the Antechamber
		2. Boucher
		3. Chardin
		4. La Tour
		Chapter X. T HE P LAY OF THE M IND
		I. The Word Industry
		II. The Stage
		III. The French Novel
		IV. Minor Sages
		V. Montesquieu
		1. Persian Letters
		2. Why Rome Fell
		3. The Spirit of Laws
		4. Aftermath
		Chapter XI. V OLTAIRE IN F RANCE : 1729–50
		I. In Paris: 1729–34
		II. Letters on the English
		III. Idyl in Cirey: 1734–44
		IV. The Courtier: 1745–48
		V. Liebestod
		VI. Mme. Denis
	BOOK III : MIDDLE EUROPE: 1713–56
		Chapter XII. T HE G ERMANY OF B ACH
		I. The German Scene
		II. German Life
		III. German Art
		IV. German Music
		V. Johann Sebastian Bach
		1. Chronology
		2. Compositions
		3. Coda
		Chapter XIII. F REDERICK THE G REAT AND M ARIA T HERESA
		I. Imperial Prelude
		II. Prussian Prelude
		1. Frederick William I
		2. Der junge Fritz
		3. The Prince and the Philosopher
		III. The New Machiavelli
		IV. The War of the Austrian Succession
		V. Frederick at Home: 1745–50
		VI. Voltaire in Germany: 1750–54
		Chapter XIV. S WITZERLAND AND V OLTAIRE
		I. Les Délices
		II. The Cantons
		III. Geneva
		IV. The New History
	a. Instrumental
	b. Vocal
		BOOK IV : THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING 1715–89
			Chapter XV. T HE S CHOLARS
			I. The Intellectual Environment
			II. The Scholarly Revelation
			Chapter XVI. T HE S CIENTIFIC A DVANCE
			I. The Expanding Quest
			II. Mathematics
			1. Euler
			2. Lagrange
			III. Physics
			1. Matter, Motion, Heat, and Light
			2. Electricity
			IV. Chemistry
			1. The Pursuit of Oxygen
			2. Priestley
			3. Lavoisier
			V. Astronomy
			1. Instrumental Prelude
			2. Astronomic Theory
			3. Herschel
			4. Some French Astronomers
			5. Laplace
			VI. About the Earth
			1. Meteorology
			2. Geodesy
			3. Geology
			4. Geography
			VII. Botany
			1. Linnaeus
			2. In the Vineyard
			VIII. Zoology
			1. Buffon
			2. Toward Evolution
			IX. Psychology
			X. The Impact of Science upon Civilization
			Chapter XVII. M EDICINE
			I. Anatomy and Physiology
			II. The Ingenuity of Disease
			III. Treatment
			IV. Specialists
			V. Surgery
			VI. The Physicians
		BOOK V : THE ATTACK UPON CHRISTIANITY 1730–74
			Chapter XVIII. T HE A THEISTS : 1730–51
			I. The Philosophic Ecstasy
			II. The Background of Revolt
			III. Jean Meslier
			IV. Is Man a Machine?
			Chapter XIX. D IDEROT AND THE Encyclopédie : 1713–68
			I. Shiftless Years
			II. The Blind, the Deaf, and the Dumb
			III. History of a Book
			IV. The Encyclopédie Itself
			Chapter XX. D IDEROT P ROTEUS : 1758–73
			I. The Pantheist
			II. The Dream of d’Alembert
			III. Diderot on Christianity
			IV. The Nephew of Rameau
			V. Ethics and Politics
			VI. Diderot on Art
			VII. Diderot and the Theater
			VIII. Diderot
			Chapter XXI. T HE S PREADING C AMPAIGN : 1758–74
			I. Helvétius
			1. Development
			2. Philosophy
			3. Influence
			II. Auxiliaries
			III. D’Holbach
			1. The Amiable Atheist
			2. The System of Nature
			3. Morals and the State
			4. D’Holbach and His Critics
			Chapter XXII. V OLTAIRE AND C HRISTIANITY : 1734–78
			I. Voltaire and God
			II. Voltaire and the Encyclopédie
			III. The Theology of Earthquakes
			IV. Candide
			V. The Conscience of Europe
			VI. Écrasez l’infâme!
			VII. Religion and Reason
			VIII. Voltaire Bigot
			Chapter XXIII. T HE T RIUMPH OF THE Philosophes : 1715–89
			I. The Clergy Fights Back
			II. The Antiphilosophes
			III. The Fall of the Jesuits
			IV. Education and Progress
			V. The New Morality
			VI. Religion in Retreat
			VII. Summing Up
			EPILOGUE IN ELYSIUM
			B IBLIOGRAPHICAL G UIDE
			N OTES
			I NDEX
Vol. 10: Rousseau and Revolution by Will
	BOOK I: PRELUDE
	Chapter I. R OUSSEAU W ANDERER : 1712-56
	I. The Confessions
	II. Homeless
	III. Maman
	IV. Lyons, Venice, Paris
	V. Is Civilization a Disease?
	VI. Paris and Geneva
	VII. The Crimes of Civilization
	VIII. The Conservative
	IX. Escape from Paris
	Chapter II. T HE S EVEN Y EARS ’ W AR : 1756–63
	I. How to Start a War
	II. The Outlaw
	III. From Prague to Rossbach
	IV. The Fox at Bay
	V. The Making of the British Empire
	VI. Exhaustion
	VII. Peace
	BOOK II: FRANCE BEFORE THE DELUGE:1757-74
	Chapter III. T HE L IFE OF THE S TATE
	I. The Mistress Departs
	II. The RecoVery of France
	III. The Physiocrats
	IV. The Rise of Turgot
	V. The Communists
	VI. The King
	VII. Du Barry
	VIII. Choiseul
	IX. The ReVolt of the Parlements
	X. The King Departs
	Chapter IV. T HE A RT OF L IFE
	I. Morality and Grace
	II. Music
	III. The Theater
	IV. Marmontel
	V. The Life of Art
	1. Sculpture
	2. Architecture
	3. Greuze
	4. Fragonard
	VI. The Great Salons
	1. Mme. Geoffrin
	2. Mme. du Deffand
	3. Mlle, de Lespinasse
	Chapter V. V OLTAIRE P ATRIARCH : 1758-78
	I. The Good Lord
	II. The Scepter of the Pen
	III. Voltaire Politicus
	IV. The Reformer
	V. Voltaire Himself
	Chapter VI. R OUSSEAU R OMANTIC : 1756-62
	I. In the Hermitage
	II. In Love
	III. Much Ado
	IV. The Break with the Philosophes
	V. The New Héloïse
	Chapter VII. R OUSSEAU P HILOSOPHER
	I. The Social Contract
	II. Émile
	1. Education
	2. Religion
	3. Love and Marriage
	Chapter VIII. R OUSSEAU O UTCAST : 1762–67
	I. Flight
	II. Rousseau and the Archbishop
	III. Rousseau and the Calvinists
	IV. Rousseau and Voltaire
	V. Boswell Meets Rousseau
	VI. A Constitution for Corsica
	VII. Fugitive
	VIII. Rousseau in England
	BOOK III : THE CATHOLIC SOUTH: 1715-89
	Chapter IX. Italia Felix: 1715-59
	I. The Landscape
	II. Music
	III. Religion
	IV. From Turin to Florence
	V. Queen of the Adriatic
	1. Venetian Life
	2. Vivaldi
	3. Remembrances
	4. Tiepolo
	5. Goldoni and Gozzi
	VI. Rome
	VII. Naples
	1. The King and the People
	2. Giambattista Vico
	3. Neapolitan Music
	Chapter X. P ORTUGAL AND P OMBAL : 1706-82
	I. John V
	II. Pombal and the Jesuits
	III. Pombal the Reformer
	IV. The Triumph of the Past
	Chapter XI. S PAIN AND THE E NLIGHTENMENT : 1700-88
	I. Milieu
	II. Philip V
	III. Ferdinand VI
	IV. The Enlightenment Enters
	IX. Francisco de Goya y Spain
	V. Charles III
	1. The New Government
	2. The Spanish Reformation
	3. The New Economy
	VI. The Spanish Character
	VII. The Spanish Mind
	VIII. Spanish Art
	IX. Francisco de Goya y Lucientes
	1. Growth
	2. Romance
	3. Zenith
	4. Revolution
	5. Decrescendo
	Chapter XII. Vale, Italia: 1760-89
	I. Farewell Tour
	II. Popes, Kings, and Jesuits
	III. The Law and Beccaria
	IV. Adventurers
	1. Cagliostro
	2. Casanova
	V. Winckelmann
	VI. The Artists
	VII. I Musici
	VIII. Alfieri
	Chapter XIII. T HE E NLIGHTENMENT IN A USTRIA : 1756-90
	I. The New Empire
	II. Maria Theresa
	III. Joseph Growing
	IV. Mother and Son
	V. The Enlightened Despot
	VI. The Emperor and the Empire
	VII. Atra Mors
	Chapter XIV. M USIC R EFORMED
	I. Christoph Willibald Gluck
	II. Joseph Haydn
	Chapter XV. M OZART
	I. The Wonderful Boy
	II. Adolescence
	III. Music and Marriage
	IV. In Paris
	V. Salzburg and Vienna
	VI. The Composer
	VII. Spirit and Flesh
	VIII. Apogee
	IX. Nadir
	X. Requiem
	BOOK IV: ISLAM AND THE SLAVIC EAST: 1715-96
	Chapter XVI. I SLAM: 1715-96
	I. The Turks
	II. African Islam
	III. Persia
	Chapter XVII. R USSIAN I NTERLUDE: 1725-62
	I. Work and Rule
	II. Religion and Culture
	III. Russian Politics
	IV. Elizabeth Petrovna
	V. Peter and Catherine
	VI. Peter III
	Chapter XVIII. C ATHERINE THE G REAT: 1762-96
	I. The Autocrat
	II. The Lover
	III. The Philosopher
	IV. The Statesman
	V. The Economist
	VI. The Warrior
	VII. The Woman
	VIII. Literature
	IX. Art
	X. Journey’s End
	Chapter XIX. T HE R APE OF P OLAND: 1715-95
	I. Polish Panorama
	II. The Saxon Kings
	III. Poniatowski
	IV. The First Partition
	V. The Polish Enlightenment
	VI. Dismemberment
	BOOK V: THE PROTESTANT NORTH: 1756-89
	Chapter XX. F REDERICK‘S G ERMANY: 1756-86
	I. Frederick Victorious
	II. Rebuilding Prussia
	III. The Principalities
	IV. The German Enlightenment
	V. Gotthold Lessing
	VI. The Romantic Reaction
	VII. Sturm und Drang
	VIII. The Artists
	IX. After Bach
	X. Der Alte Fritz
	Chapter XXI. K ANT : 1724-1804
	I. Prolegomena
	II. Critique of Pure Reason
	III. Critique of Practical Reason
	IV. Critique of Judgment
	V. Religion and Reason
	VI. The Reformer
	VII. Posthumous
	Chapter XXII. R OADS TO W EIMAR : 1733-87
	I. The Athens of Germany
	II. Wieland
	III. Goethe Prometheus
	1. Growth
	2. Götz and Werther
	3. The Young Atheist
	IV. Herder
	V. Schiller’s Wanderjahre
	Chapter XXIII. W EIMAR IN F LOWER : 1775-1805
	I. Wieland Sequel
	II. Herder and History
	III. Goethe Councilor
	IV. Goethe in Italy
	V. Goethe Waiting
	VI. Schiller Waiting
	VII. Schiller and Goethe
	Chapter XXIV. G OETHE N ESTOR : 1805—32
	I. Goethe and Napoleon
	II. Faust: Part I
	III. Nestor in Love
	IV. The Scientist
	V. The Philosopher
	VI. Faust: Part II
	VII. Fulfillment
	Chapter XXV. T HE J EWS : 1715-89
	I. The Struggle for Existence
	II. The Mystic Solace
	III. Moses Mendelssohn
	IV. Toward Freedom
	Chapter XXVI. F ROM G ENEVA TO S TOCKHOLM
	I. The Swiss: 1754-98
	II. The Dutch: 1715-95
	III. The Danes: 1715-97
	IV. The Swedes: 1718-97
	1. Politics
	2. Gustavus III
	3. The Swedish Enlightenment
	4. Assassination
	BOOK VI : JOHNSON’S ENGLAND: 1756-89
		Chapter XXVII. T HE I NDUSTRIAL R EVOLUTION
		I. Causes
		II. Components
		III. Conditions
		IV. Consequences
		Chapter XXVIII. T HE P OLITICAL D RAMA : 1756-92
		I. The Political Structure
		II. The Protagonists
		III. The King Versus Parliament
		IV. Parliament Versus the People
		V. England Versus America
		VI. England and India Revolution
		VII. England and the French
		VIII. The Heroes Retire
		Chapter XXIX. T HE E NGLISH P EOPLE : 1756-89
		I. English Ways
		II. English Morals
		III. Faith and Doubt
		IV. Blackstone, Bentham, and the Law
		V. The Theater
		1. The Performance
		2. Garrick
		VI. London
		Chapter XXX. T HE A GE OF R EYNOLDS : 1756-90
		I. The Musicians
		II. The Architects
		III. Wedgwood
		IV. Joshua Reynolds
		V. Thomas Gainsborough
		Chapter XXXI. E NGLAND’S N EIGHBORS: 1756-89
		I. Grattan’s Ireland
		II. The Scottish Background
		III. The Scottish Enlightenment
		IV. Adam Smith
		V. Robert Burns
		VI. James Boswell
		1. The Cub
		2. Boswell Abroad
		3. Boswell at Home
		Chapter XXXII. T HE L ITERARY S CENE: 1756-89
		I. The Press
		II. Laurence Sterne
		III. Fanny Burney
		IV. Horace Walpole
		V. Edward Gibbon
		1. Preparation
		2. The Book
		3. The Man
		4. The Historian
		VI. Chatterton and Cowper
		VII. Oliver Goldsmith
		Chapter XXXIII. S AMUEL J OHNSON: 1709-84
		I. Deformative Years
		II. The Dictionary
		III. The Charmed Circle
		IV. Ursus Major
		V. The Conservative Mind
		VI. Autumn
		VII. Release
		VIII. Boswell Moriturus
		BOOK VII : THE COLLAPSE OF FEUDAL FRANCE: 1774-89
		Chapter XXXIV. T HE F INAL G LORY: 1774-83
		I. The Heirs to the Throne
		II. The Government
		III. The Virgin Queen
		IV. Le Roi Bonhomme
		V. The Ministry of Turgot
		VI. Necker’s First Ministry
		VII. France and America
		Chapter XXXV. D EATH AND THE P HILOSOPHERS: 1774-1807
		I. Voltaire Finale
		1. Twilight in Ferney
		2. Apotheosis
		3. The Influence of Voltaire
		II. Rousseau Epilogue
		1. The Haunted Spirit
		2. The Influence of Rousseau
		III. Marche Funèbre
		IV. The Last Philosophe
		V. The Philosophers and the Revolution
		Chapter XXXVI. O N THE E VE: 1774-89
		I. Religion and the Revolution
		II. Life on the Edge
		III. The Salonnières
		IV. Music
		V. Art under Louis XVI
		VI. Literature
		VII. Beaumarchais
		Chapter XXXVII. T HE A NATOMY OF R EVOLUTION: 1774-89
		I. The Nobles and the Revolution
		II. The Peasants and the Revolution
		III. Industry and the Revolution
		IV. The Bourgeoisie and the Revolution
		V. The Gathering of the Forces
		Chapter XXXVIII. T HE P OLITICAL D EBACLE: 1783-89
		I. The Diamond Necklace
		II. Calonne
		III. Loménie de Brienne
		IV. Necker Again
		V. Enter Mirabeau
		VI. The Last Rehearsal
		VII. The States-General
		VIII. To the Bastille
		E NVOI
		B IBLIOGRAPHICAL G UIDE
		N OTES
		I NDEX
Vol. 11: The Age of Napoleon by Will
	Book I: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: 1789–99
		Chapter I. T HE B ACKGROUND OF R EVOLUTION: 1774–89
		I . The French People
		II . The Government
		Chapter II. T HE N ATIONAL A SSEMBLY: May 4, 1789-September 30, 1791
		I . The States-General
		II . The Bastille
		III . Enter Marat: 1789
		IV . Renunciation: August 4–5, 1789
		V . To Versailles: October 5, 1789
		VI . The Revolutionary Constitution: 1790
		VII . Mirabeau Pays His Debts: April 2, 1791
		VIII . To Varennes: June 20, 1791
		Chapter III. T HE L EGISLATIVE A SSEMBLY: October 1, 1791-September 20, 1792
		I . Persons of the Drama
		II . War: 1792
		III . Danton
		IV . The Massacre: September 2–6, 1792
		Chapter IV. T HE C ONVENTION: September 21, 1792-October 26, 1795
		I . The New Republic
		II . The Second Revolution: 1793
		III . Exit Marat: July 13, 1793
		IV . The “Great Committee”: 1793
		V . The Reign of Terror: September 17, 1793-July 28, 1794
		1. The Gods Are Athirst
		2. The Terror in the Provinces
		3. The War Against Religion
		4 The Revolution Eats Its Children
		VI . The Thermidoreans: July 29, 1794-October 26, 1795
		Chapter V. T HE D IRECTORY: November 2, 1795-November 9, 1799
		I . The New Government
		II . The Young Napoleon: 1769–95
		III . Josephine de Beauharnais
		IV . Italian Whirlwind: March 27, 1796-December 5, 1797
		V . The Coup d’État of the 18th Fructidor: September 4, 1797
		VI . Oriental Fantasy: May 19, 1798-October 8, 1799
		VII . The Decline of the Directory: September 4, 1797-November 9, 1799
		VIII . Napoleon Takes Charge: The 18th Brumaire (November 9), 1799
		Chapter VI. L IFE UNDER THE R EVOLUTION: 1789–99
		I . The New Classes
		II . The New Morality
		1. Morality and Law
		2. Sexual Morality
		III . Manners
		IV . Music and Drama
		V . The Artists
		VI . Science and Philosophy
		VII . Books and Authors
		VIII . Mme. de Staël and the Revolution
		IX . Afterthoughts
	BOOK II : NAPOLEON ASCENDANT: 1799–1811
		Chapter VII. T HE C ONSULATE : November 11, 1799-May 18, 1804
		I . The New Constitution
		1. The Consuls
		2. The Ministers
		3. The Reception of the Constitution
		II . The Campaigns of the Consulate
		III . Remaking France: 1802–03
		1. The Code Napoléon: 1801–04
		2. The Concordat of 1801
		IV . The Paths of Glory
		V . The Great Conspiracy: 1803–04
		VI . The Road to Empire: 1804
		Chapter VIII. T HE N EW E MPIRE: 1804–07
		I . The Coronation: December 2, 1804
		II . The Third Coalition: 1805
		III . Austerlitz: December 2, 1805
		IV . The Mapmaker: 1806–07
		V . Jena, Eylau, Friedland: 1806–07
		VI . Tilsit: June 25-July 9, 1807
		Chapter IX. T HE M ORTAL R EALM: 1 807–11
		I . The Bonapartes
		II . The Peninsular War: I (October 18, 1807- August 21, 1808)
		III . Constellation at Erfurt: September 27-October 14, 1808
		IV . The Peninsular War: II (October 29, 1808-November 16, 1809)
		V . Fouché, Talleyrand, and Austria: 1809
		VI . Marriage and Politics: 1809–11
		Chapter X. N APOLEON H IMSELF
		I . Body
		II . Mind
		III . Character
		IV . The General
		V . The Ruler
		VI . The Philosopher
		VII . What Was He?
		Chapter XI. N APOLEONIC F RANCE: 1800–1815
		I . The Economy
		II . The Teachers
		III . The Warriors
		IV . Morals and Manners
		V . Mme. Récamier
		VI . The Jews in France
		Chapter XII. N APOLEON AND THE A RTS
		I . Music
		II . Varia
		III . The Painters
		IV . The Theater
		Chapter XIII. L ITERATURE V ERSUS N POLEON
		I . The Censor
		II . Mme. de Staël: 1799–1817
		1. Napoleon’s Nemesis
		2. The Author
		3. The Tourist
		4. Understanding Germany
		5. Imperfect Victory
		III . Benjamin Constant: 1767–1816
		IV . Chateaubriand: 1768–1815
		1. Youth
		2. Development
		3. The Genius of Christianity
		4. René
		5. Chateaubriand and Napoleon
		Chapter XIV. S CIENCE AND P HILOSOPHY UNDER N APOLEON
		I . Mathematics and Physics
		II . Medicine
		III . Biology
		1. Cuvier (1769–1832)
		2. Lamarck (1744–1829)
		IV . What Is Mind?
		V . The Case for Conservatism
	BOOK III: BRITAIN: 1789–1812
		Chapter XV. E NGLAND AT W ORK
		I . A Different Revolution
		II . At the Bottom
		III . The Dismal Science
		IV . Robert Owen: 1771–1858
		Chapter XVI. E NGLISH L IFE
		I . Classes
		II . The Government
		1. The Legislature
		2. The Judiciary
		3. The Executive
		III . Religion
		IV . Education
		V . Morality
		1. Man and Woman
		2. Mary Wollstonecraft
		3. Social Morality
		VI . Manners
		VII . The English Theater
		VIII . In Sum
		Chapter XVII. T HE A RTS IN E NGLAND
		I . The Artists
		II . Architecture
		III . From Cartoons to Constable
		IV . Turner: 1775–1851
		Chapter XVIII. S CIENCE IN E NGLAND
		I . Avenues of Progress
		II . Physics: Rumford and Young
		III . Chemistry: Dalton and Davy
		IV . Biology: Erasmus Darwin 391
		V . Medicine: Jenner
		Chapter XIX. E NGLISH P HILOSOPHY
		I . Tom Paine on Christianity
		II . Godwin on Justice
		III . Malthus on Population
		IV . Bentham on Law
		Chapter XX. L ITERATURE IN T RANSITION
		I . The Press
		II . Books
		III . Jane Austen: 1775–1817
		IV . William Blake: 1757–1827
		Chapter XXI. T HE L AKE P OETS: 1770–1850
		I . Ambience
		II . Wordsworth: 1770–97
		III . Coleridge: 1772–94
		IV . Southey: 1774–1803
		V . Coleridge: 1794–97
		VI . A Threesome: 1797–98
		VII . Lyrical Ballads: 1798
		VIII . The Wandering Scholars: 1798–99
		IX . Idyl in Grasmere: 1800–03
		X . Love, Labor, and Opium: 1800–10
		XI . Coleridge Philosopher: 1808–17
		XII . Wordsworth: Climax, 1804–14
		XIII . The Sage of Highgate: 1816–34
		XIV . On the Fringe
		XV . Southey: 1803–43
		XVI . Wordsworth Epilogue: 1815–50
		Chapter XXII. T HE R EBEL P OETS: 1788–1824
		I . The Tarnished Strain: 1066–1809 454
		II . The Grand Tour: Byron, 1809–11
		III . The Lion of London: Byron, 1811–14
		IV . Trial by Marriage: Byron, 1815–16
		V . The Youth of Shelley: 1792–1811
		VI . Elopement I: Shelley, 1811–12
		VII . Elopement II: Shelley, 1812–16
		VIII . Swiss Holiday: Byron and Shelley, 1816
		IX . Decay in Venice: Byron, 1816–18
		X . Shelley Pater Familias: 1816–18
		XI . Shelley: Zenith, 1819–21
		XII . Love and Revolution: Byron, 1818–21
		XIII . Contrasts
		XIV . Pisan Canto: 1821–22
		XV . Immolation: Shelley, 1822
		XVI . Transfiguration: Byron, 1822–24
		XVII . Survivors
		Chapter XXIII. E NGLANDÉS N EIGHBORS: 1789–1815
		I . The Scots
		II . The Irish
		Chapter XXIV. P ITT , N ELSON, AND N APOLEON: 1789–1812
		I . Pitt and the Revolution
		II . Nelson: 1758–1804
		III . Trafalgar: 1805
		IV . England Marks Time: 1806–12
	BOOK IV: THE CHALLENGED KINGS: 1789–1812
		Chapter XXV. I BERIA
		I . Portugal: 1789–1808
		II . Spain: 1808
		III . Arthur Wellesley:1769–1807
		IV . The Peninsular War: III (1808–12)
		V . Results
		Chapter XXVI. I TALY AND I TS C ONQUERORS: 1789–1813
		I . The Map in 1789
		II . Italy and the French Revolution
		III . Italy under Napoleon: 1800–12
		IV . Emperor and Pope
		V . Behind the Battles
		VI . Antonio Canova: 1757–1822
		VII . Vale iterum Italia
		Chapter XXVII. A USTRIA : 1780–1812
		I . Enlightened Despots: 1780–92
		II . Francis II
		III . Metternich
		IV . Vienna
		V . The Arts
		Chapter XXVIII. B EETHOVEN: 1770–1827
		I . Youth in Bonn: 1770–92
		II . Progress and Tragedy: 1792–1802
		III . The Heroic Years: 1803–09
		IV . The Lover
		V . Beethoven and Goethe: 1792–1802
		VI . The Last Victories: 1811–24
		VII . Comoedia Finita: 1824–27
		Chapter XXIX. G ERMANY AND N APOLEON : 1786–1811
		I . The Holy Roman Empire: 1800
		II . The Confederation of the Rhine:
		III . Napoleon’s German Provinces
		IV . Saxony
		V . Prussia: Frederick’s Legacy, 1786–87
		VI . The Collapse of Prussia: 1797–1807
		VII . Prussia Reborn: 1807–12
		Chapter XXX. T HE G ERMAN P EOPLE: 1789–1812
		I . Economics
		II . Believers and Doubters
		III . The German Jews
		IV . Morals
		V . Education
		VI . Science
		VII . Art
		VIII . Music
		IX . The Theater
		X . The Dramatists
		Chapter XXXI. G ERMAN L ITERATURE: 1789–1815
		I . Revolution and Response
		II . Weimar
		III . The Literary Scene
		IV . The Romantic Ecstasy
		V . The Voices of Feeling
		VI . The Brothers Schlegel
		Chapter XXXII. G ERMAN P HILOSOPHY: 1789–1815
		I . Fichte: 1762–1814
		1. The Radical
		2. The Philosopher
		3. The Patriot
		II . Schelling: 1775–1854
		III . Hegel: 1770–1831
		1. Skeptic’s Progress
		2. Logic as Metaphysics
		3. Mind
		4. Morality, Law, and the State
		5. History
		6. Death and Return
		Chapter XXXIII. A ROUND THE H EARTLAND: 1789–1812
		I . Switzerland
		II . Sweden
		III . Denmark
		IV . Poland
		V . Turkey in Europe
		Chapter XXXIV. R USSIA: 1796–1812
		I . Milieu
		II . Paul I: 1796–1801
		III . The Education of an Emperor
		IV . The Young Czar: 1801–04
		V . The Jews under Alexander
		VI . Russian Art
		VII . Russian Literature
		VIII . Alexander and Napoleon: 1805–12
	BOOK V : FINALE: 1811–15
		Chapter XXXV. T O M OSCOW: 1811–15
		I . The Continental Blockade
		II . France in Depression: 1811
		III . Preface to War: 1811–12
		IV . The Road to Moscow: June 26-September 14, 1812
		V . The Burning of Moscow: September 15–19, 1812
		VI . The Way Back: October 19-November 28, 1812
		Chapter XXXVI. T O E LBA: 1813–14
		I . To Berlin
		II . To Prague
		III . To the Rhine
		IV . To the Breaking Point
		V . To Paris
		VI . To Peace
		Chapter XXXVII. T O W ATERLOO: 1814–15
		I . Louis XVIII
		II . The Congress of Vienna: September, 1814-June, 1815
		III . Elba
		IV . The Incredible Journey: March 1–20, 1815
		V . Rebuilding
		VI . The Last Campaign
		1. June 15, 1815: Belgium
		2. June 16: Ligny
		3. June 17: Rain
		4. Sunday, June 18: Waterloo
		Chapter XXXVIII. T O S T . H ELENA
		I . The Second Abdication: June 22, 1815
		II . The Second Restoration: July 7, 1815
		III . Surrender: July 4-August 8, 1815
		Chapter XXXIX. T O THE E ND
		I . St. Helena
		II . Sir Hudson Lowe
		III . The Great Companions
		IV . The Great Dictator
		V . The Last Battle
		Chapter XL. A FTERWARD: 1815–40
		I . The Family
		II . Homecoming
		III . Perspective
	B IBLIOGRAPHICAL G UIDE
	N OTES
	I NDEX