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دانلود کتاب Vietnamese : An Essential Grammar

دانلود کتاب ویتنامی: گرامر ضروری

Vietnamese : An Essential Grammar

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Vietnamese : An Essential Grammar

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نویسندگان:   
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ISBN (شابک) : 9781138210707, 9781138210714 
ناشر: Routledge 
سال نشر: 2020 
تعداد صفحات: 335 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 4 مگابایت 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 36,000



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توجه داشته باشید کتاب ویتنامی: گرامر ضروری نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.


توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب ویتنامی: گرامر ضروری

"Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar یک راهنمای مرجع مختصر و کاربرپسند برای ویتنامی های مدرن است. توصیفی تازه و قابل دسترس از زبان را در بخش های کوتاه و قابل خواندن ارائه می دهد. ویژگی ها عبارتند از: مثال های واضح و به روز از استفاده مدرن، توجه ویژه به نکاتی که اغلب برای زبان آموزان انگلیسی زبان مشکل ایجاد می کند، مقایسه ها و تضادهای ویتنامی/انگلیسی در سراسر آن برجسته شده است. بخش پایانی تلفظ را پوشش می دهد، مقدمه ای بر ساختار هجای ویتنامی ارائه می دهد و خطاهای رایج زبان آموزان انگلیسی زبان را برجسته می کند. آهنگ‌های صوتی همراه این فصل در www.routledge.com/9781138210707 موجود است. ویتنامی: یک دستور زبان ضروری برای زبان‌آموزانی که درگیر مطالعه مستقل هستند و برای دانش‌آموزان در مدارس، کالج‌ها، دانشگاه‌ها و کلاس‌های بزرگسال از همه نوع ایده‌آل است.


توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی

"Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar is a concise and user-friendly reference guide to modern Vietnamese. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language in short, readable sections. Features include: clear and up-to-date examples of modern usage, special attention to those points which often cause problems to English-speaking learners, Vietnamese/English comparisons and contrasts highlighted throughout. The final section covers pronunciation, providing an introduction to the syllable structure of Vietnamese, and highlighting common errors made by English-speaking learners. Accompanying audio tracks for this chapter are available at www.routledge.com/9781138210707. Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar is ideal for learners involved in independent study and for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types"--



فهرست مطالب

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Introduction
	1 Vietnamese language
	2 How this book is organized
	3 Symbols, abbreviations, contractions and typography
Chapter 1 Nouns, noun phrases and their components
	1.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese nouns
	1.2 Classification of nouns
		1.2.1 Common nouns vs. proper nouns
		1.2.2 Concrete nouns vs. abstract nouns
		1.2.3 Countable nouns vs. uncountable nouns
			1.2.3.1 Abstract nouns denoting concepts
			1.2.3.2 Mass nouns denoting material and substance
			1.2.3.3 Collective nouns denoting groups of people and sets of items
	1.3 Noun phrases and their components
		1.3.1 Noun phrase #1: number + classifier + noun
			1.3.1.1 Numbers
				1.3.1.1.1 Cardinal numbers
				1.3.1.1.2 Ordinal numbers
				1.3.1.1.3 Decimals, fractions and percentage
				1.3.1.1.4 Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
				1.3.1.1.5 Twice, twice as much/many . . . , three times + comparative adjective in Vietnamese
				1.3.1.1.6 Half and and a half in Vietnamese
				1.3.1.1.7 Dates and clock time
				1.3.1.1.8 Approximations: several, a few, some; few, little, many, much in Vietnamese
				1.3.1.1.9 More than, over, fewer than, under and nearly used before a specified number or amount in Vietnamese
				1.3.1.1.10 Pair and couple in Vietnamese
			1.3.1.2 Classifiers
				1.3.1.2.1 Classifiers for different types of nouns
				1.3.1.2.2 Constructions in which no classifier is used
		1.3.2 Noun phrase #2: plural marker + classifier + noun
			1.3.2.1 Plural markers
			1.3.2.2 Determiners every, each, all, entire, whole in Vietnamese
				1.3.2.2.1 Cả
				1.3.2.2.2 Tất cả
				1.3.2.2.3 Mọi
				1.3.2.2.4 Mỗi
				1.3.2.2.5 Từng
				1.3.2.2.6 Toàn and toàn bộ
				1.3.2.3 Đều emphasizing the plurality
		1.3.3 Noun phrase #3: noun + attributive
			1.3.3.1 Adjectives as attributives
				1.3.3.1.1 Positive, comparative and superlative of the adjectives
			1.3.3.2 Adverbs of degree
			1.3.3.3 Demonstrative adjectives as attributives
			1.3.3.4 Question words gì and nào as attributives
			1.3.3.5 Nouns as attributives
				1.3.3.5.1 Introduction of nouns functioning as attributives
				1.3.3.5.2 Use of của
				1.3.3.5.3 Possessive pronouns and personal pronouns
				1.3.3.5.4 Third personal pronouns
				1.3.3.5.5 Personal pronouns in the plural
				1.3.3.5.6 Other personal pronouns
			1.3.3.6 Verbs and verb phrases as attributives
	1.4 Main functions of nouns and noun phrases
		1.4.1 Subject of a sentence
		1.4.2 Direct object of a verb
		1.4.3 Indirect object of a verb
		1.4.4 Subject predicative
		1.4.5 Object predicative
		1.4.6 Complement of a preposition
		1.4.7 Modifier of a noun as its attributive
Chapter 2 Verbs, verb phrases and their components
	2.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese verbs
	2.2 Types of verbs
		2.2.1 Là and the English to be
		2.2.2 Có and the English to have
		2.2.3 Semantic groups of verbs
	2.3 Verb phrase #1: tense / aspect marker + verb
		2.3.1 Tense markers
		2.3.2 Aspect markers
			2.3.2.1 Vừa / mới / vừa mới
			2.3.2.2 Sắp
			2.3.2.3 Chưa
			2.3.2.4 Vẫn / còn / vẫn còn
			2.3.2.5 Đang
			2.3.2.6 Vẫn and vẫn còn referring to persistence
			2.3.2.7 Rồi
			2.3.2.8 Xong
			2.3.2.9 Hết
			2.3.2.10 Hẳn
	2.4 Verb phrase #2: verb + object
		2.4.1 Verbs of giving
			2.4.1.1 Verb + indirect object + direct object
			2.4.1.2 Verb + direct object + cho + indirect object
			2.4.1.3 Verb + cho + indirect object + direct object
		2.4.2 Verbs of receiving
			2.4.2.1 Verb + direct object + của + indirect object
			2.4.2.2 Verb + của + indirect object + modified direct object
		2.4.3 Causative verbs
		2.4.4 Verbs of speaking, thinking and perceiving
			2.4.4.1 Verb + object
			2.4.4.2 Verb1 + verb2
			2.4.4.3 Verb + preposition + noun / pronoun
			2.4.4.4 Verb + clause
		2.4.5 Verbs of equating
	2.5 Verb phrase #3: verb + adjective
		2.5.1 Adjective functioning as adverb of manner
		2.5.2 Positive, comparative and superlative of adjective modifying verb
		2.5.3 Bisyllabic adjectives modifying verb
		2.5.4 Adjectives following một cách
	2.6 Verb phrase #4: adverb + verb, or verb + adverb
		2.6.1 Adverbs of degree
			2.6.1.1 Adverbs of degree modifying verbs of feelings
			2.6.1.2 Preference
			2.6.1.3 [Càng] ngày càng and mỗi lúc một
			2.6.1.4 Chỉ
		2.6.2 Adverbs of frequency
	2.7 Verbs of motion
		2.7.1 Đi
			2.7.1.1 Đi + destination
			2.7.1.2 Đi + preposition + destination
			2.7.2 Other verbs of motion
			2.7.3 Verbs of motion and prepositions used with the geographical names of Vietnam
			2.7.4 Transitive verbs of motion with no direction
	2.8 Verbs of appearance, existence and disappearance
		2.8.1 Có
		2.8.2 Còn
		2.8.3 Hết
		2.8.4 Mất
		2.8.5 Xuất hiện
		2.8.6 Xảy ra and diễn ra
		2.8.7 Biến mất
	2.9 Verbs of reaching or bringing to a particular state or condition
	2.10 Modal verbs
		2.10.1 Cần
		2.10.2 Có thể
		2.10.3 Dám
		2.10.4 Định
		2.10.5 Muốn
		2.10.6 Nên
		2.10.7 Phải
	2.11 Imperatives
		2.11.1 Hãy
		2.11.2 Cứ
		2.11.3 Đi
		2.11.4 Nhé
		2.11.5 Mời
		2.11.6 Đã
		2.11.7 Đừng
		2.11.8 Không and không được
		2.11.9 Chớ
	2.12 Verb constructions equivalent to the English passive voice
	2.13 Main functions of verbs and verb phrases
		2.13.1 Predicate of a sentence
		2.13.2 Subject of a sentence
		2.13.3 Object of a verb
		2.13.4 Modifier of a noun as its attributive
Chapter 3 Adjectives, adjective phrases and their components
	3.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese adjectives
		3.1.1 Main distinction between a Vietnamese adjective and an English adjective
		3.1.2 Adjectives describing qualities and state of affairs
		3.1.3 Gradable and ungradable adjectives
	3.2 Adjective phrases and their components
		3.2.1 Adjective phrase #1: adverb of degree + adjective
		3.2.2 Adjective phrase #2: adjective + adverb of degree
			3.2.2.1 Lắm vs. rất
		3.2.3 Adjective phrase #3: adjective + comparison marker
			3.2.3.1 Vietnamese construction for English He is much older than me / than I am
			3.2.3.2 Vietnamese construction for English He is three years older than me / than I am. / He is three years my senior
			3.2.3.3 Hơn as a full adjective
			3.2.3.4 Vietnamese constructions for English less + adjective and the least + adjective
			3.2.3.5 So với denoting the comparative of the adjective
		3.2.4 Adjective phrase #4: aspect / tense marker + adjective or: adjective + aspect / tense marker
		3.2.5 Adjective phrase #5: adjective + object or: adjective + preposition + object
		3.2.6 Adjective phrase #6: adjective + number + weight / length / height / temperature measures
		3.2.7 Adjective phrase #7: adjective + verb of motion
	3.3 Main functions of adjectives and adjective phrases
		3.3.1 Modifier of a noun as its attributive
		3.3.2 Predicate of a sentence
		3.3.3 Modifier of a verb as an adverbial
Chapter 4 Word-formation
	4.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese word
	4.2 Main processes of forming new words in Vietnamese
		4.2.1 Compounding
			4.2.1.1 Co-ordinate compounds
			4.2.1.2 Subordinate compounds
		4.2.2 Affixation
			4.2.2.1 Prefixation
			4.2.2.2 Suffixation
		4.2.3 Reduplication
			4.2.3.1 Whole resemblance
				4.2.3.1.1 Base word is completely repeated
				4.2.3.1.2 Tone changes
				4.2.3.1.3 Tone and final consonant change
			4.2.3.2 Partial resemblance
				4.2.3.2.1 Rhyme of reduplicated syllable changes
				4.2.3.2.2 Initial consonants change
			4.2.3.3 Trisyllabic reduplicatives
			4.2.3.4 Quadrisyllabic reduplicatives
			4.2.3.5 None of the syllables convey any meaning
			4.2.3.6 Reduplicatives containing -iếc
			4.2.3.7 Meanings of reduplicatives
				4.2.3.7.1 Nouns
				4.2.3.7.2 Adjectives
				4.2.3.7.3 Verbs
				4.2.3.7.4 Onomatopoeic words
		4.2.4 Borrowing
			4.2.4.1 Loanwords from Chinese
				4.2.4.1.1 From second century bc to seventh century ad
				4.2.4.1.2 From seventh to seventeenth centuries
				4.2.4.1.3 From seventeenth century on
				4.2.4.1.4 Loanwords from the dialects of Chinese
				4.2.4.1.5 Chinese monosyllabic loanwords as components for word-formation
				4.2.4.1.6 Chinese quadrisyllabic template
			4.2.4.2 Loanwords from French
			4.2.4.3 Loanwords from English
Chapter 5 Sentences
	5.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese sentences
		5.1.1 The constituents of a sentence
			5.1.1.1 Subject and predicate
			5.1.1.2 Object and object predicative
			5.1.1.3 Adverbials
				5.1.1.3.1 Adverbial of manner
				5.1.1.3.2 Adverbial of place
				5.1.1.3.3 Adverbial of time
				5.1.1.3.4 Adverbial of frequency
				5.1.1.3.5 Adverbial of degree
				5.1.1.3.6 Adverbial of cause
				5.1.1.3.7 Adverbial of purpose
				5.1.1.3.8 Adverbial of means
				5.1.1.3.9 Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
				5.1.1.3.10 Sentence adverbials
		5.1.2 Classification of sentences
			5.1.2.1 Based on major purposes of communication
			5.1.2.2 Based on internal construction
			5.1.2.3 Positive and negative sentences
			5.1.2.4 Active and passive sentences
	5.2 Declarative sentences
		5.2.1 Positive declarative sentences
			5.2.1.1 Verbal predicate
			5.2.1.2 Adjectival predicate
			5.2.1.3 Nominal predicate
		5.2.2 Negative declarative sentences
			5.2.2.1 Negative sentences with verbal predicate
			5.2.2.2 Negative sentences with adjectival predicate
			5.2.2.3 Negative sentences with nominal predicate
			5.2.2.4 Double negative with meaning of affirmation
	5.3 Interrogative sentences
		5.3.1 Interrogative sentences that do not contain questions word
			5.3.1.1 Construction có . . . không
			5.3.1.2 Construction có phải . . . không
			5.3.1.3 Replies that begin with Yes, Yeah or No
			5.3.1.4 Construction đã . . . chưa
			5.3.1.5 Construction . . . , phải không
			5.3.1.6 Construction có phải . . . không
			5.3.1.7 Construction . . . à
			5.3.1.8 Construction . . . chứ
			5.3.1.9 Construction . . . được không
			5.3.1.10 Construction . . . hay . . . meaning “or”
			5.3.1.11 Construction either . . . or . . . in Vietnamese
		5.3.2 Interrogative sentences containing question words
			5.3.2.1 Location
			5.3.2.2 Motion
			5.3.2.3 Time
			5.3.2.4 Cause
			5.3.2.5 Purpose
			5.3.2.6 Quantity
			5.3.2.7 Who and whom in Vietnamese
			5.3.2.8 What and which as question words in Vietnamese
			5.3.2.9 Plural marker những preceding question words ai, đâu, gì
		5.3.3 Rhetorical questions
	5.4 Exclamatory sentences
		5.4.1 Quá, ôi
		5.4.2 Thật
		5.4.3 Thật là
		5.4.4 Ơi là
	5.5 Emphatic constructions
		5.5.1 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with cũng
			5.5.1.1 Emphasized subject is denoted by the question word ai or the noun phrase noun + nào
			5.5.1.2 Emphasized object is expressed by the question word ai or the noun phrase noun + gì / nào
			5.1.1.3 Emphasized adverbials of place and time that are indicated by ở đâu, bao giờ or the noun phrase noun + nào
		5.5.2 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with chẳng and chả following a question word
		5.5.3 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with bất cứ / bất kì
		5.5.4 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with có
		5.5.5 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with có . . . mới . . .
		5.5.6 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with mới showing emphasis on the adverbial of time
		5.5.7 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with vừa / mới / vừa mới . . . đã . . .
		5.5.8 Not only . . . but also . . . in Vietnamese
		5.5.9 Emphatic có and những
		5.5.10 Emphatic chính
			5.5.10.1 Subject
			5.5.10.2 Predicate with là
			5.5.10.3 Object
			5.5.10.4 Adverbials of cause and purpose
		5.5.11 Emphatic ngay
		5.5.12 Emphatic ngay cả
		5.5.13 Emphatic chỉ . . . là . . .
		5.5.14 Emphatic mãi
		5.5.15 Emphatic tận
		5.5.16 Emphatic quantity bao nhiêu là and toàn là
		5.5.17 Emphatic negative declarative sentences
			5.5.17.1 Hề
			5.5.17.2 Specific construction “negation + verb + question word”
			5.5.17.3 English negative pronouns none, no one, nobody, nothing, neither, nor and negative adverbs never, nowhere in Vietnamese
		5.5.18 Emphatic constructions “topic – comment”
			5.5.18.1 Subject as topic
			5.5.18.2 Subject as topic followed by a sentence
			5.5.18.3 Predicate as topic
			5.5.18.4 Object as topic
			5.5.18.5 Place and time as topic
	5.6 Sentence particles
		5.6.1 Initial particles
			5.6.1.1 À
			5.6.1.2 Ấy
			5.6.1.3 Dạ
			5.6.1.4 Mà
			5.6.1.5 Nào
			5.6.1.6 Ơi
			5.6.1.7 Thảo nào
			5.6.1.8 Thế à
			5.6.1.9 Thế thì
			5.6.1.10 Thì
			5.6.1.11 Thưa
		5.6.2 Final particles
			5.6.2.1 Ạ̣
			5.6.2.2 Ấy
			5.6.2.3 Chứ
			5.6.2.4 Đây
			5.6.2.5 Đấy
			5.6.2.6 Hở
			5.6.2.7 Mà
			5.6.2.8 Này
			5.6.2.9 Nhỉ
			5.6.2.10 Rồi
			5.6.2.11 Thật
			5.6.2.12 Vậy
	5.7 Compound sentences
		5.7.1 Listing of two or more events with co-ordinating conjunction và meaning “and”
		5.7.2 Contrasting two events with conjunctions nhưng or mà
		5.7.3 Introducing a choice with conjunctions hoặc [là] or hay [là]
		5.7.4 Contrasting two events by confirming one and negating another with không . . . mà . . . or . . . chứ không . . .
		5.7.5 Expressing parallel increase or decrease with càng . . . càng . . .
		5.7.6 Emphasizing a combination of two or more actions, events or features with vừa . . . vừa . . .
		5.7.7 Emphasizing two items denoted by nouns with cả . . . và . . .
		5.7.8 Emphasizing an added feature with đã . . . lại [còn] . . . [nữa]
	5.8 Complex sentences
		5.8.1 Nominal clauses
			5.8.1.1 Subordinate declarative clauses
			5.8.1.2 Subordinate interrogative clauses and the position of the question word in Vietnamese and English
		5.8.2 Relative clauses
			5.8.2.1 Conjunction mà
			5.8.2.2 Nơi, khi and vì sao
		5.8.3 Adverbial clauses
			5.8.3.1 Place clauses
			5.8.3.2 Temporal (or time) clauses
			5.8.3.3 Conditional clauses
				5.8.3.3.1 Nếu
				5.8.3.3.2 Giả sử
				5.8.3.3.3 Giá [như]
				5.8.3.3.4 Mà
				5.8.3.3.5 Hễ cứ . . . là / thì
				5.8.3.3.6 Trừ phi
				5.8.3.3.7 Kẻo
				5.8.3.3.8 Muốn . . . phải
				5.8.3.3.9 Nhỡ
			5.8.3.4 Concessive clauses
			5.8.3.5 Reason clauses
			5.8.3.6 Result clauses
			5.8.3.7 Purpose clauses
				5.8.3.7.1 Để
				5.8.3.7.2 Mà
				5.8.3.7.3 Nhằm
			5.8.3.8 Manner clauses
			5.8.3.9 Proportion clauses
			5.8.3.10 Similarity clauses with correlative ai – người ấy, nào – ấy, đâu – đấy, thế nào – thế ấy / sao – vậy
			5.8.3.11 W-conditional clauses and no matter in Vietnamese
				5.8.3.11.1 Bất cứ / bất kì . . . cũng . . .
				5.8.3.11.2 Dù . . . thì . . . cũng . . .
				5.8.3.11.3 No matter in Vietnamese
Chapter 6 Problem words, phrases and constructions
	6.1 Còn
		6.1.1 As a full verb meaning “have something left; there is / are left”
		6.1.2 As an aspect marker denoting a continuing action or state. Còn is equivalent to the English still
		6.1.3 As an adverb of degree placed before an adjective in the comparative to refer to a greater extent or degree. Còn is similar to the English even or still
		6.1.4 As a conjunction that serves to switch from one subject to another one. Còn is similar to the English and
	6.2 Cũng and English also, too, as well and either (in a negative statement)
	6.3 Được
		6.3.1 As a full verb meaning “receive, get.” The object should be something favorable
		6.3.2 As a full verb meaning “gain something necessary for further movement or development”
		6.3.3 As a full verb meaning “win a lawsuit; win a card game and get money”
		6.3.4 As a full verb used before a number to suggest that a number or an amount has been reched
		6.3.5 As a verb placed in front of another verb to convey the meaning “have the right or permission to do something”
		6.3.6 As a verb placed in front of another verb to denote an opportunity or a chance to do something
		6.3.7 As a verb inserted between another verb and the object or placed at the end of a statement with the meaning “be able to do something”
		6.3.8 As a verb placed before a transitive verb to refer to an action that is expressed by the passive voice in English
		6.3.9 As an adjective meaning “good, suitable”
		6.3.10 As an adverb used after a verb to emphasize the favorable feature of an event or action. The event or action itself is favorable from the speaker’s perspective
		6.3.11 As an adverb used after a negation and in front of an adjective to reduce the unfavorable feature of an event. The event itself is unfavorable from the speaker’s point of view
	6.4 Lại
		6.4.1 As a full verb, lại conveys the meaning “come or go over, usually within a short distance” and is used chiefly in conversational Vietnamese
		6.4.2 Lại follows a verb
			6.4.2.1 To convey the sense of redoing something or performing an action again. In some cases, lại is similar to the English prefix re-
			6.4.2.2 To convey the sense of an action opposite of another action that was done before
			6.4.2.3 To convey the sense of an action directed towards one point
			6.4.2.4 To convey the sense of keeping something closed, locked or stopped; if the verb takes an object, the object is inserted between the verb and lại
		6.4.3 Lại follows some adjectives to convey the meaning of reduction in size or amount
		6.4.4 Lại serves as a conjuction to join two parts or a sentence to suggest that something is added to what has been spoken of before. Both parts should be either “favorable” or “unfavorable.” Đã can be used before the first part to show emphasis on the addition. It is similar to the English and moreover
		6.4.5 Lại is an adverb placed before a verb to imply that what happened or is happening is unfavorable. It is similar to the English again
		6.4.6 Lại is an adverb placed after the question words of cause tại sao and sao to refer to the speaker’s surprise
	6.5 Mà
		6.5.1 Mà serves as a conjunction
			6.5.1.1 To contrast two events, the second one of which is unexpected because of the first one
			6.5.1.2 To contrast two events. The first one is negated and the second one is confirmed
			6.5.1.3 To refer to a condition
			6.5.1.4 To refer to a purpose
			6.5.1.5 To show emphasis on the reason
			6.5.1.6 To be part of correlative conjunction không những / không chỉ . . . mà còn . . . and không chỉ . . . mà cả . . .
			6.5.1.7 To connect a subornative relative clause to the main clause as
				6.5.1.7.1 Relative pronoun
				6.5.1.7.2 Relative adverb of place
				6.5.1.7.3 Relative adverb of time
			6.5.1.8 To join two phrases of a sentence to convey the speaker’s surprise or warning that something is unusual or bad may happen
		6.5.2 Mà serves as an emphatic particle
			6.5.2.1 As an initial particle, mà is fronted in a second statement with the meaning “moreover, besides” to introduce something new that is added to the idea conveyed in the previous statement
			6.5.2.2 As a final particle, mà is placed at the end of a statement to show emphasis on the fact that has already happened or is going on. The statement explains the reason for what has been mentioned
	6.6 Mới
		6.6.1 As an adjective meaning “new”
		6.6.2 As an aspect marker meaning “just”
		6.6.3 As an aspect marker to put emphasis on the adverbial of time
		6.6.4 As a corellative aspect marker used with đã, mới shows emphasis on the quickness of the second action that took place right after the first action
		6.6.5 As a correlative word used with có, mới emphasizes the fulfillment of a requirement in order to perform an action
		6.6.6 As a correlative word used with thôi which is placed at the end of a statement, mới means “just, only” and refers to the past tense
		6.6.7 As an emphatic word placed before a number or a time to suggest that the number is too small or the time is too early; the word có can follow mới and precede the number for more emphasis
	6.7 Phải
		6.7.1 As an adjective meaning “right”: tay phải “right hand / arm;” chân phải “right leg / foot;” phía bên [tay] phải “on the right side;” rẽ [tay] phải “turn right;” etc.
		6.7.2 As a modal verb placed in front of another verb to express advice or an obligation
		6.7.3 As an adverb inserted between the main verb and the object to suggest that the subject runs into something unpleasant
	6.8 Rồi
		6.8.1 As an aspect marker that refers to the completion of an action that began in the past. With this function, rồi is similar to the English already
		6.8.2 As an aspect marker that suggests that an event will be arriving in the future earlier than expected
		6.8.3 As a conjunction which denotes two actions occurring after one another. Rồi is similar to the English and or and then
		6.8.4 As a conjunction to join two parts of a sentence, the first of which serves as the reason or condition leading to the result in the second one. There is no equivalent in English
		6.8.5 As a final particle
	6.9 Thì
		6.9.1 As a correlative conjunction, thì is used together with nếu, giá, mà and hễ in a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of condition. The subordinate clause precedes the main clause, and thì comes at the beginning of the main clause. In some instances, thì is equivalent to the English then
		6.9.2 As a correlative conjunction, thì is used together with khi or trong khi in a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of time. The subordinate clause precedes the main clause, and thì comes at the beginning of the main clause. With this function, thì does not have the English equivalent. The action is long-lasting in the subordinate clause and short in the main claus
		6.9.3 As an emphatic word used before the second action that took place right after the first one. This use of thì refers to the past tense
		6.9.4 As an emphatic word used after the question word of time that denotes the future tense. Thì shows emphasis on the speaker’s expectation of an event that, in her / his opinion, should happen soon. Thì may also express the speaker’s impatience. A parent may say to the child
		6.9.5 As an emphatic word used after the subject or the topic to introduce a comment on the subject or topic
	6.10 English and and Vietnamese và
	6.11 English good and Vietnamese tốt
		6.11.1 of high quality. Vietnamese uses tốt only in in some phrases
		6.11.2 having or showing talent or skill. Vietnamese uses giỏi, not tốt
		6.11.3 pleasant, enjoyable. Vietnamese uses different words depending on the nouns
		6.11.4 convenient, suitable. Vietnamese used different words depending on the nouns
		6.11.5 producing or promising to produce a favorable result
		6.11.6 used to say how long something will continue or be valid, or something is still suitable to eat or drink. Vietnamese uses different expressions
	6.12 English for and Vietnamese cho
		6.12.1 For as a conjunction meaning “because” is used in formal speech. For is fronted in a subordinate clause to refer to the reason why the preceding statement is true. It does not suggest why an action was performed, but just gives a piece of additional information which explains it. Vietnamese uses vì for this function
		6.12.2 For as a preposition conveys many meanings. Only some of them correspond to the Vietnamese cho. The other ones are expressed by different words or phrases in Vietnamese.
			6.12.2.1 indicating that something is intended to be given to someone or to belong to someone. Vietnamese uses cho
			6.12.2.2 referring to an employee working for a company or a player of a particular team. Vietnamese uses cho
			6.12.2.3 indicating that someone votes for someone. Vietnamese uses cho
			6.12.2.4 referring to a place someone or something is going to or towards. Vietnamese uses different verbs of motion as prepositions or just the verb đi
			6.12.2.5 indicating an amount of time or space. Vietnamese expresses this meaning in different ways
			6.12.2.6 indicating the time an event is scheduled for. Vietnamese uses the preposition vào for a date and vào lúc for a clock time
			6.12.2.7 indicating the price or rate at which one pays. Vietnamese does not use any preposition
			6.12.2.8 showing the purpose of an object or action. Vietnamese uses để
			6.12.2.9 used to say what someone is (un)able to do. Vietnamese uses đối với
			6.12.2.10 used as a preposition of reason. Vietnamese chiefly uses vì
			6.12.2.11 There are several frequently used English phrases or constructions containing for, whose ideas Vietnamese conveys (1) with cho and (2) without cho
	6.13 English if and Vietnamese nếu
		6.13.1 indicating the condition on which an action can or cannot be done. Vietnamese uses nếu
		6.13.2 indicating the concession, meaning “althogh, in spite of the fact that.” If is often used with even. Vietnamese uses the construction dù [cho] . . . thì . . . cũng [vẫn]
		6.13.3 making a polite request or suggestion. Vietnamese does not have the equivalent construction and uses được không at the end of the question instead
		6.13.4 used in reported questions meaning “whether.” Vietnamese uses the construction có . . . không for the present or future tense and đã . . . chưa for the past tense that encirles the predicate
	6.14 English so
		6.14.1 Adverb so means
			6.14.1.1 to a degree that is suggested or stated. So is used before an adjective. Vietnamese uses như thế or như vậy after the adjective
			6.14.1.2 to a great degree; extremely. Vietnamese uses rất, lắm, thật or vô cùng
			6.14.1.3 in the same way. Vietnamese uses cũng thế or cũng vậy
		6.14.2 Pronoun so refers to something that has just been stated or suggested. Vietnamese uses như thế or như vậy
		6.14.3 Conjunction so
			6.14.3.1 meaning “therefore, for that reason.” Vietnamese uses vì vậy, vì thế, nên or cho nên
			6.14.3.2 used to state the purpose of the action mentioned in the previous statement. Vietnamese uses để
			6.14.3.3 placed in front of a statement or a question to introduce them. Vietnamese uses thế là for the statement and thế nào for the question. Thế là is not followed by a comma, but thế nào is
			6.14.3.4 used as an unpolite reply to a statement which is unimportant in the speaker’s opinion. Vietnamese uses thì đã sao [nào]
		6.14.4 Adjective so functioning as the predicate with the meaning “true.” Vietnamese uses different expressions
	6.15 English that
		6.15.1 Demonstrative adjective that, those
			6.15.1.1 used before a noun to indicate which person, thing or idea is being shown, pointed to or mentioned. Vietnamese uses ấy or đó, that are interchangeable, and kia. For the difference between ấy / đó and kia, please see 1.3.3.3.
			6.15.1.2 used before one or ones to refer to the one that is far away or less familiar, compared to the one denoted by this. Vietnamese uses kia for that and này for this
		6.15.2 Demonstrative pronoun that
			6.15.2.1 used before the verb to be with the same meaning as in 6.14.1.1
			6.15.2.2 used after a verb or a preposition to refer to an action or event that has just been mentioned. Vietnamese uses điều ấy / đó, việc ấy / đó, chuyện ấy / đó or just thế / vậy after a verb and đó / đấy after a preposition
		6.15.3 Conjunction that connects a nominal declarative subordinate clause to the main clause. Vietnamese uses rằng or là
		6.15.4 Relative pronoun that connects a relative subordinate clause to the main clause. Vietnamese uses mà if that is not the subject of the subordinate clause
		6.15.5 Adverb of degree that placed in front of an adjective or another adverb, which is usually a quantifier, refers to the degree that is stated or suggested. Vietnamese uses [đến] như thế
	Glossary of grammatical terms
	Grammar index
Chapter 7 Pronunciation
	7.1 Writing systems
	7.2 Vietnamese alphabet
	7.3 Structure of a Vietnamese syllable
		7.3.1 Tone
		7.3.2 Nuclear vowels
			7.3.2.1 Monophthong nuclear vowels
				7.3.2.1.1 Front vowels
				7.3.2.1.2 Central vowels
				7.3.2.1.3 Back vowels
			7.3.2.2 Diphthong nuclear vowels
		7.3.3 Initial consonants
			7.3.3.1 Initial consonants similar to English consonants
			7.3.3.2 Specific initial consonants
				7.3.3.2.1 Consonant [t] 
				7.3.3.2.2 Consonant [c] 
				7.3.3.2.3 Consonant [ɲ] 
				7.3.3.2.4 Consonant [k] //
				7.3.3.2.5 Consonant [χ] 
				7.3.3.2.6 Consonant [γ] /
				7.3.3.2.7 Consonant [ŋ] /
		7.3.4 Labialization
		7.3.5 Finals
			7.3.5.1 Semivowel finals
			7.3.5.2 Consonant finals
	7.4 Difficulties of the Vietnamese sound system
		7.4.1 Tones
			7.4.1.1 Mid-level tone
			7.4.1.2 Mid-level tone in front of high-rising tone
			7.4.1.3 Vietnamese tones and English intonation
		7.4.2 Sounds
			7.4.2.1 Rounded and unrounded nuclear vowels
			7.4.2.2 Openness of the vowels
Glossary of phonetic terms
Bibliography




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