Atrophic Rhinitis: From the Voluptuary Nasal Pathology to the Empty Nose Syndrome

Foreword
Contents
Introduction
Part I: Primary Atrophic Rhinitis
	1: Primary Atrophic Rhinitis: Ozaena and Other Infective Forms
		1.1	 Etiology of Primary Atrophic Rhinitis
			1.1.1	 Bacteriology
			1.1.2	 Virology
			1.1.3	 Mycology
		1.2	 Clinical Presentation
			1.2.1	 Signs
			1.2.2	 Symptoms
		1.3	 Histopathology
		1.4	 Diagnosis
		1.5	 Management
			1.5.1	 Medical Therapy
			1.5.2	 Surgical Therapy
		References
Part II: Secondary Atrophic Rhinitis
	2: Secondary Atrophic Rhinitis: Autoimmune and Granulomatous Forms
		2.1	 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
			2.1.1	 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
			2.1.2	 Clinical Features
				2.1.2.1	 ENT Involvement
				2.1.2.2	 Other-Than-ENT Involvement
			2.1.3	 Diagnosis
			2.1.4	 Management
		2.2	 Sarcoidosis
			2.2.1	 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
			2.2.2	 Clinical Features
				2.2.2.1	 ENT Involvement
				2.2.2.2	 Other-Than-ENT Involvement
			2.2.3	 Diagnosis
			2.2.4	 Management
		2.3	 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
			2.3.1	 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
			2.3.2	 Clinical Features
				2.3.2.1	 ENT Involvement
			2.3.3	 Diagnosis
			2.3.4	 Management
		2.4	 Tuberculosis
			2.4.1	 Natural History of Disease
			2.4.2	 Epidemiology
				2.4.2.1	 ENT Involvement
			2.4.3	 Diagnosis
			2.4.4	 Management
		2.5	 Syphilis
			2.5.1	 Epidemiology
			2.5.2	 Clinical Presentation and Natural History
				2.5.2.1	 ENT Involvement
			2.5.3	 Diagnosis
			2.5.4	 Management
		2.6	 Other Autoimmune and Granulomatous Causes of Atrophic Rhinitis
		References
	3: Iatrogenic Atrophic Rhinitis: Post-Nasal Surgery or Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS)
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Epidemiology
		3.3	 Pathophysiology
		3.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		3.5	 Evaluation and Diagnosis
		3.6	 Differential Diagnosis
		3.7	 Treatment
			3.7.1	 Prevention
			3.7.2	 Medical Therapy
			3.7.3	 Surgical Repair
				3.7.3.1	 Temporary Fillers
				3.7.3.2	 Acellular Dermis Allografts and Xenografts
				3.7.3.3	 Autologous Cartilage
				3.7.3.4	 Synthetic Implants
		3.8	 Conclusions
		References
	4: Drug-Induced Atrophic Rhinitis
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Rhinitis Medicamentosa
			4.2.1	 Physiopathology of Rebound Nasal Congestion
			4.2.2	 Clinical Evaluation
			4.2.3	 Management
		4.3	 Cocaine-Induced Midline Destructive Lesions
			4.3.1	 Clinical Presentation
			4.3.2	 Pathogenesis
			4.3.3	 Diagnosis
			4.3.4	 Differential Diagnosis
			4.3.5	 Management
		References
Part III: Diagnosis of Atrophic Rhinitis
	5: Empty Nose Syndrome: Clinical Evaluation with Subjective Questionnaires and Psychological Evaluation
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Clinical Evaluation with Subjective Questionnaire
			5.2.1	 SNOT-25 (ENS Modification)
			5.2.2	 ENS6Q
			5.2.3	 Other Questionnaires That Were Applied for Empty Nose Syndrome Assessment
		5.3	 Psychological Evaluation (Mental Health Questionnaires)
		5.4	 Conclusion
		References
	6: The Role of Nasal Cytology in the Diagnosis of Atrophic Rhinitis
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Histocytological Aspects of the Nasal Mucosa
			6.2.1	 Histopathological Studies
			6.2.2	 Cytological Alterations by Nasal Cytology Study
		6.3	 Cytological Techniques
		References
	7: The Role of Rhinomanometry and Nasal Airflow Evaluation in the Diagnosis of Atrophic Rhinitis
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Nasal Air Flow Test
		7.3	 Olfactometric Techniques in Atrophic Rhinitis
		7.4	 Conclusions
		References
	8: Computational Fluid Dynamics: Is It Possible to Produce a Real Model of the Nasal Flux?
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 Current Methodology to Evaluate Nasal Resistance and Patency
			8.2.1	 Rhinomanometry
			8.2.2	 Acoustic Rhinometry
			8.2.3	 Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow
		8.3	 CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics
			8.3.1	 Our Review About the Use of CFD in Assessing Nasal Surgery and Future Perspectives
			8.3.2	 Limitation
		References
	9: Imaging: The Role of CT Scan, Cone-Beam and MRI in the Diagnosis of Atrophic Rhinitis
		9.1	 Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging Examination in Atrophic Rhinitis
		9.2	 Diagnostic Imaging in Atrophic Rhinitis
			9.2.1	 Computed Tomography in Atrophic Rhinitis
				9.2.1.1	 Indications to Computed Tomography in Atrophic Rhinitis
				9.2.1.2	 Computed Tomography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Findings in Atrophic Rhinitis
			9.2.2	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Atrophic Rhinitis
		References
Part IV: Treatment of Atrophic Rhinitis
	10: Atrophic Rhinitis: Medical Treatment
		10.1	 Definition
		10.2	 Etiology
		10.3	 Treatment
			10.3.1	 Nasal Irrigations
			10.3.2	 Dexpanthenol
			10.3.3	 Glycerine Nasal Drops
			10.3.4	 Placental Extract Injections
			10.3.5	 Antibiotics
			10.3.6	 Alternative Therapies
				10.3.6.1	 Submucosal Infiltrations of Polimethacrylate
				10.3.6.2	 Ozone
				10.3.6.3	 Prosthesis
				10.3.6.4	 Stellate Ganglion Injections
				10.3.6.5	 Tocopherol Acetate
		References
	11: Surgical Treatment of Empty Nose Syndrome: Inferior Turbinate Reconstruction Using Intranasal Mucosal Flaps
		11.1	 Background
		11.2	 Surgical Treatment
			11.2.1	 Pre-operative Evaluation
			11.2.2	 Surgical Technique
			11.2.3	 Post-operative Care
			11.2.4	 Post-operative Complications
		11.3	 Conclusion
		References
	12: Surgical Treatment of Atrophic Rhinitis: Inferior Turbinate Augmentation with Submucosal Injections
		12.1	 Introduction
			12.1.1	 Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells (ADSCs) and Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF)
			12.1.2	 Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)
			12.1.3	 Placental Extract
			12.1.4	 Resorbable Fillers
		12.2	 Conclusions
		References
	13: Nasal Septal Perforations: Modern Diagnostic Work-Up, Management and Surgical Strategy
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 Aetiology and Clinical Features
		13.3	 Diagnostic Modern Work-Up: Imaging and Elaborations
		13.4	 Management and Surgical Techniques
		13.5	 Conclusions and Perspective
		References
	14: Surgical Treatment of Atrophic Rhinitis: The Use of Autografts in Nasal Dorsum Repair
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Saddle Nose and Atrophic Rhinitis
		14.3	 Main Reconstructive Techniques
			14.3.1	 Nasal Septum Cartilage
			14.3.2	 Auricolar Concha Cartilage
			14.3.3	 Calvarial Bone
			14.3.4	 Rib Cartilage
			14.3.5	 Diced Cartilage in Fascia (DCF)
			14.3.6	 Fluid Cartilage and Lipofilling
		14.4	 Conclusion
		References
	15: Surgical Treatment of Atrophic Rhinitis: Use of Autologous Costal Cartilage Grafts
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 Costal Cartilage Sculpting Methods
			15.2.1	 The Principle of the Balanced Cross-Section
			15.2.2	 Oblique Split Method
		15.3	 Clinical Situations to Use Costal Cartilage
			15.3.1	 Nasal Septum
			15.3.2	 Saddle Nose
			15.3.3	 Revision Rhinoplasty
			15.3.4	 Atrophic Rhinitis
		15.4	 Conclusions
		References
	16: Allografts Use in Nasal Reconstruction
		16.1	 Introduction
		16.2	 Type of Allografts
			16.2.1	 Silastic
			16.2.2	 Gore-Tex®
			16.2.3	 Medpor®
			16.2.4	 PDS®
		16.3	 Conclusion
		References