Life-Span Human Development

cover
Prelims
	Half title
	Title page
	Imprint page
	Brief contents
	Contents
	Guide to the text
	Guide to the online resources
	Preface
	About the authors
	Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Understanding life span human development
	1.1	How should we think about development?
		Defining development
		Conceptualising the life span
		Framing the influence of nature and nurture
	1.2	What is the science of life span development?
		Goals of study
		Early beginnings
		The modern life span perspective
	1.3	How is development studied?
		The scientific method
		Sample selection
		Data collection techniques
		Case study, experimental and correlational methods
		Developmental research designs
	1.4	What special challenges do developmental scientists face?
		Protecting the rights of research participants
		Conducting culturally sensitive research
Chapter 2: Theories of human development
	2.1	Developmental theories and the issues they raise
		Nature and nurture
		Activity and passivity
		Continuity and discontinuity
		Universality and context specificity
	2.2	Psychoanalytic theories
		Freud: Psychoanalytic theory
		Erikson: Psychosocial theory
		Psychoanalytic theories: Contributions and weaknesses
	2.3	Learning theories
		Pavlov and Watson: Classical conditioning
		Skinner: Operant conditioning
		Bandura: Social cognitive theory
		Learning theories: Contributions and weaknesses
	2.4	Humanistic theories
		Maslow: Hierarchy of needs
		Humanistic theories: Contributions and weaknesses
	2.5	Cognitive theories
		Piaget: Cognitive developmental theory
		Vygotsky: Sociocultural theory
		Information-processing approach
		Theories of adult cognitive development
		Cognitive theories: Contributions and weaknesses
	2.6	Systems theories
		Gottlieb: Epigenetic psychobiological systems perspective
		Systems theories: Contributions and weaknesses
	2.7	Theories in perspective
Chapter 3: Genes, environment and the beginnings of life
	3.1	Individual heredity
		Conception
		The genetic code
		Mechanisms of inheritance
		Genetic abnormalities and disorders
	3.2 The interplay of genes and environment
		Studying genetic and environmental influences
		The heritability of different traits
		How genes and environment work together
	3.3	Prenatal stages
		The germinal period
		The embryonic period
		The foetal period
	3.4 The prenatal environment and foetal health
		Teratogens
		Maternal characteristics and foetal health
		Paternal characteristics and foetal health
	3.5	The perinatal environment
		Childbirth
		Identifying at-risk newborns
	3.6	The neonatal environment
		Breast or bottle?
		Peripartum depression
		Risk and resilience
Chapter 4: Body, brain and health
	4.1	Building blocks of growth and lifelong health
		The endocrine system
		The brain and nervous system
		Principles of growth
		A life span developmental model of health
	4.2	The infant
		Rapid physical growth
		The infant brain
		Newborn capabilities
		Infant motor development
		Health and wellness in infancy
	4.3	The child
		Physical growth and motor capabilites
		Brain lateralisation
		Health and wellness in childhood
	4.4	The adolescent
		The adolescent growth spurt and puberty
		The adolescent brain
		Teen health and wellness
	4.5	The adult
		The changing body
		The changing brain
		The changing reproductive system
		Health challenges: Ageing or disease, disuse or misuse?
Chapter 5: Cognitive development
	5.1	Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory
		Processes of intellectual and cognitive development
		Piaget: Contributions and challenges
		A modern take on constructivism
	5.2	Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
		Culture and thought
		Social interaction and thought
		Tools of thought
		Evaluation of Vygotsky
	5.3	Fischer’s dynamic skill framework
		Comparison to Piaget and Vygotsky
	5.4	The infant
		Sensorimotor thinking
		The development of object permanence
		The emergence of symbols
	5.5	The child
		Preschoolers: Symbolic thinking
		School-age children: Logical thinking
	5.6	The adolescent
		Emergence of abstract and systematic thinking
		Progress toward mastery of formal operations
		Implications of formal thought
	5.7	The adult
		Limitations in adult cognitive performance
		Growth beyond formal thought
		Ageing and cognitive growth
Chapter 6: Sensory-perception, attention and memory
	6.1	The information-processing approach to cognition
		Sensation, perception and attention
		Memory
		Problem solving
	6.2	The infant
		Uncovering infants’ mental capabilities
		Sensory-perceptual abilities
		Early memory abilities
	6.3	The child
		Sensory-perceptual refinements
		Advances in attention
		Explaining memory development
		Autobiographical memory
		Developments in problem solving
	6.4	The adolescent
		Attention
		Improvements in memory and problem solving
	6.5	The adult
		Sensory-perceptual changes
		Memory, problem solving and ageing
Chapter 7: Intelligence and creativity
	7.1	Defining and measuring intelligence and creativity
		The psychometric view of intelligence
		Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
		Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
		Creativity
	7.2	Factors that influence intelligence and creativity
		The Flynn effect
		Genes and intelligence
		Environment and intelligence
		Genes, environments and creativity
	7.3	The infant
		Developmental quotients
		Infant intelligence as a predictor of later intelligence
	7.4	The child
		The stability of IQ scores during childhood
		The emergence of creativity
	7.5	The adolescent
		Intellectual change and continuity
		IQ and school achievement
		Fostering creativity
	7.6	The adult
		Changes in IQ with age
		IQ, wealth and health
		Potential for wisdom
		Creative endeavours
	7.7	The extremes of intelligence
		Intellectual disability
		Giftedness
	7.8	Integrating cognitive perspectives
Chapter 8: Language, literacy and learning
	8.1	The language system
		Describing language: Basic components
		Explaining language: Nature and nurture
	8.2	The infant
		Developing language
		Mastery motivation
		Early learning
	8.3	The child
		Expanding language skills
		Learning to read
		Fostering academic success
	8.4	 The adolescent
		Academic achievement
		Integrating school and work
		Pathways to adulthood
	8.5	The adult
		Language: Continuity and change
		Adult literacy
		Adult education
		Theoretical contributions to learning and education
Chapter 9: Self, personality, gender and sexuality
	9.1	Conceptualising the self and personality
		Basic concepts and theories of self and personality
		Sex, gender and sexuality
	9.2	The infant
		The emerging self
		Temperament
	9.3	The child
		The evolving self and personality
		Acquiring gender roles
		Childhood sexuality
	9.4	The adolescent
		Forging a sense of self and identity
		Adhering to gender roles
		Adolescent sexuality
	9.5	The adult
		Ageing and self-esteem
		Continuity and discontinuity in personality
		Eriksonian psychosocial personality growth
		Changes in gender roles and sexuality
		Vocational identity and development
Chapter 10: Social cognition and moral development
	10.1	Social cognition
		Developing a theory of mind
		Perspective taking
		Social cognition in adulthood
	10.2	Perspectives on moral development
		Moral emotion: Psychoanalytic theory and beyond
		Moral reasoning: Cognitive developmental theory
		Moral behaviour: Social cognitive theory
		The functions of morality: Evolutionary theory
	10.3	The infant
		Empathy and prosocial behaviour
		Early antisocial behaviour
		Early moral training
	10.4	The child
		Moral understandings
		Moral socialisation
	10.5	The adolescent
		Moral identity
		Changes in moral reasoning
		Antisocial behaviour
		Bullying
	10.6	The adult
		Changes in moral reasoning
		Religiousness and spirituality
Chapter 11: Emotions, attachment and social relationships
	11.1	Emotional development
		First emotions and emotional regulation
		Emotional learning in childhood
		Adolescent moods
		Emotions and ageing
		11.2	Perspectives on relationships
		Changing social systems across the life span
			Attachment theory
	11.3	The infant
		An attachment forms
		Quality of attachment
		Implications of early attachment
		First peer relations
	11.4	The child
		The caregiver–child relationship
		A new baby arrives
		Peer networks
	11.5	The adolescent
		Balancing autonomy and attachment to parents
		Changing peer relationships
	11.6	The adult
		Evolving social relationships
		Family relationships
		Adult attachment styles
	11.7	Family violence and child abuse
		Why does child abuse occur?
		What problems do abused children display?
		How do we stop the violence?
Chapter 12: Developmental psychopathology
	12.1	What makes development abnormal?
		Diagnostic guidelines and criteria
		Developmental psychopathology
	12.2	The infant
		Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
		Depression in infancy?
	12.3	The child
		Externalising and internalising problems
		Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
		Childhood depression
	12.4	The adolescent
		Storm and stress?
		Eating disorders
		Substance use disorders
		Depression and suicidality
	12.5	The adult
		Depression in adulthood
		Ageing and dementia
Chapter 13: The final challenge: Death and dying
	13.1	Matters of life and death
		What is death?
		What kills us and when?
		Theories of ageing: Why do we age and die?
	13.2	The experience of death
		Perspectives on dying
		Perspectives on bereavement
	13.3	The infant
	13.4	The child
		Grasping the concept of death
		Experiences with death and dying
	13.5	The adolescent
		Advanced understandings of death
		Experiences with death and dying
	13.6	The adult
		Death in the family context
	13.7	Coping with death
		Challenges to the grief work perspective
		Who copes and who succumbs?
		Bereavement and positive growth
		Supporting the dying and bereaved
		Taking our leave
Name Index
Subject Index