Manual of Normative Measurements in Head and Neck Imaging

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: Basic Quantitative Imaging Approaches
	1.1	 Line and Angle Measurements
	1.2	 Area and Volume Measurements
	1.3	 CT Attenuation and MRI Signal Intensity Measurements
	1.4	 Measurement Errors
	Further Reading
2: Normative Measurements of Orbital Walls and Contents
	2.1	 Orbital Walls
	2.2	 Globe
	2.3	 Optic Nerve and Sheath
	2.4	 Extraocular Muscles
	2.5	 Lacrimal Gland
	2.6	 Superior Ophthalmic Vein
	Further Reading
3: Normative Measurements of Temporal Bone Structures on Imaging
	3.1	 External Auditory Canal
	3.2	 Middle Ear Cavity
	3.3	 Tympanic Membrane
	3.4	 Ossicular Chain
	3.5	 Mastoid Air Cells
	3.6	 Facial Nerve Canal
	3.7	 Cochlea
	3.8	 Vestibule
	3.9	 Vestibular Aqueduct
	3.10	 Semicircular Canals
	3.11	 Internal Auditory Canal
	Further Reading
4: Normative Measurements of the Skull Base on Imaging
	4.1	 Anterior Cranial Fossa
		4.1.1	 Ethmoid Roof
		4.1.2	 Crista Galli
		4.1.3	 Olfactory Bulbs
	4.2	 Middle Cranial Fossa and Pterygopalatine Fossa
		4.2.1	 Sella Turcica
		4.2.2	 Pituitary Gland and Stalk
		4.2.3	 Meckel Cave
		4.2.4	 Carotid Sulcus
		4.2.5	 Optic Canal
		4.2.6	 Superior Orbital Fissure
		4.2.7	 Foramen Rotundum
		4.2.8	 Foramen Ovale
		4.2.9	 Foramen Spinosum
		4.2.10	 Vidian (Pterygoid) Canal
		4.2.11	 Foramen Vesalius
		4.2.12	 Pterygopalatine Fossa
	4.3	 Posterior Fossa
		4.3.1	 Jugular Foramen and Bulb
		4.3.2	 Hypoglossal Canal
		4.3.3	 Clivus
		4.3.4	 Posterior Fossa
		4.3.5	 Cerebellar Tonsil Position
		4.3.6	 Foramen Magnum
	Further Reading
5: Normative Measurements of the Craniocervical Junction on Imaging
	5.1	 Craniocervical Lines, Angles, and Measurements
	Further Reading
6: Normative Measurements of Head and Neck Lymph Nodes on Imaging
	6.1	 Imaging Modalities
		6.1.1	 Computed Tomography (CT)
		6.1.2	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
		6.1.3	 Ultrasound
		6.1.4	 18Fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography (18FDG-PET)
	6.2	 RECIST Criteria
	6.3	 Lymph Node Stations
		6.3.1	 Cervical Lymph Nodes
		6.3.2	 Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes
		6.3.3	 Parotid Lymph Nodes
		6.3.4	 Occipital Lymph Nodes
	Further Reading
7: Normative Measurements of the Thyroid, Salivary Glands, and Tonsils on Imaging
	7.1	 Thyroid Gland
		7.1.1	 Practical Implications
	7.2	 Parotid Gland and Ducts
		7.2.1	 Practical Implications
	7.3	 Submandibular Gland and Ducts
		7.3.1	 Practical Implications
	7.4	 Tonsils
		7.4.1	 Practical Implications
	Further Reading