Air Lubricated and Air Cavity Ships: Development, Design, and Application

Preface
	Acknowledgements and Thanks
	Acknowledgements for Images and Data
Contents
About the Authors
List of Figures
List of Flow Charts
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Resistance to Motion of Marine Vessels
	1.2 Introduction to Air Lubrication and Air Cavity Vessels
		1.2.1 Air Lubrication Displacement Ships
			Air Bubble Method
			Air Layer Method
			Air Cavity Method
		1.2.2 High-Speed Air Cavity Craft
			Air Cavity Monohull
			Air Cavity Catamaran
	1.3 Development of Displacement Air Lubrication Ships
		1.3.1 Air Bubble Stream
		1.3.2 MHI `MALS´
		1.3.3 Foreship Air Lubrication System (ALS)
		1.3.4 Silverstream Air Lubrication System
		1.3.5 Developments and Trials Using Winged Air Induction Pipe
		1.3.6 Air Layer Development at WTSRI, Shanghai
		1.3.7 Samsung Heavy Industries `Saver Air´
	1.4 Development of Displacement Air Cavity Ships
		1.4.1 Developments in Russia
		1.4.2 Stena Air Cavity Ship Research
		1.4.3 Damen Ecoliner ACES and DACS
	1.5 Development of High-Speed Air Cavity Craft
		1.5.1 Opportunities and Challenges
			Opportunities
			Challenges
		1.5.2 Developments in Russia
		1.5.3 Developments in USA, Norway, and European Union
		1.5.4 Developments in China
	1.6 Closing Out
	References
Chapter 2: Reducing Friction Resistance
	2.1 Reducing Friction Resistance by Changing the Boundary Layer
		2.1.1 Introduction
		2.1.2 Suction of Boundary Layer with Aim of Preventing Its Separation from Ship Hull
		2.1.3 Reducing Turbulence by Viscous-Elastic Coating
		2.1.4 Using the Mechanism of the Running Wave
		2.1.5 Introduction of Long Chain Polymer into Boundary Layer
	2.2 Reducing Friction Resistance by Air Lubrication or Air Cavities
	2.3 Concluding Thoughts
	References
Chapter 3: Air Lubrication and Air Cavity Analysis
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Bubble Drag Reduction
		3.2.1 Force Acting on a Bubble in the Boundary Layer
		3.2.2 Downstream Persistence of BDR
		3.2.3 Characteristics of Bubbly Flow Under the Surface
		3.2.4 Scaling of BDR
	3.3 Air Layer Drag Reduction
		3.3.1 Transition from BDR to ALDR
		3.3.2 Flow Characteristics of ALDR
		3.3.3 Scaling of ALDR
	3.4 Drag Reduction by Cavitation and Ventilated Cavities
		3.4.1 Basic Parameters
		3.4.2 Potential-Flow Solution for Cavity Geometry
		3.4.3 Establishing and Maintaining a Cavity
	3.5 Approach Developed in Russia for `Artificial´ Cavity Generation
		3.5.1 Linear Theories of Gravitational Cavitation in a Fluid
		3.5.2 Flow Around a Wedge under a Flat Surface
		3.5.3 Cavitation Flow Around an Infinite Plane Wedge Under a Horizontal Plane
		3.5.4 Calculation and Experimental Results
		3.5.5 Flow Over a System of Infinite Straight Wedges Under a Horizontal Plane
	3.6 Air Cavity Practical Application
	3.7 Flow under a Planing Craft with a Cavity Under Its Bottom
		3.7.1 Planing on a Free Surface
	3.8 Reduction of Resistance by Means of Side Wedge Interceptors
	References
Chapter 4: Air Cavity Ship Concept Evaluation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Concept Evaluation of Several Types of ACS Configuration
		4.2.1 Type 1 ACS
		4.2.2 Type 2 ACS
		4.2.3 Type 3 ACS
		4.2.4 Type 4 ACS
		4.2.5 Hydrodynamic Interaction and ACS Powering Assessment
	4.3 Concept Evaluation of Displacement Ships with ACS
		4.3.1 Introduction
		4.3.2 First Design example: Dry Cargo River Trading Vessel
		4.3.3 Second Design Example: Universal Container Ship Type `Panamax´
	4.4 Evaluation for Air Cavity Ships Operating at Transitional FnL
		4.4.1 High-Speed Semi-Displacement Ships with Parallel Middle Body
			First Design Concept
			Second Design Concept
			Third Design Concept
		4.4.2 Air Cavity Ships with Parallel Middle Body in Transitional Mode
	4.5 Air Supply System for Air Cavity of ACS
		4.5.1 Air Supply System for Air Cavity of Displacement ACS
	4.6 Concluding Observations
	References
Chapter 5: Air Cavity Ships Concept Evaluation Planing Types
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 High-Speed Craft Drag Components
	5.3 Model Test Data for Planing Craft
	5.4 Cavity Flow
	5.5 Prismatic Planing Craft
		5.5.1 Hull Form and Drag Characteristic
		5.5.2 Prismatic Planing Hull Equilibrium
		5.5.3 Lift and Lift Coefficient
		5.5.4 Planing Surface Wetted Area and Spray Area
		5.5.5 Planing Hull Drag
		5.5.6 Correction for Wetted Side Hull at Cv Below Full Planing
		5.5.7 Chines, Spray Rails, and Hull Form
		5.5.8 Corrections for Geometric Variation from Prismatic Form
		5.5.9 Equilibrium: Recap
		5.5.10 Pre-planing Drag Estimation
		5.5.11 Transom Stern
		5.5.12 Cavity Behaviour at Low Speed
	5.6 Stepped Planing Hull
		5.6.1 Flow Geometry Behind the Step
		5.6.2 Geometrical Relations for Aft Planing Surface Need
		5.6.3 Lift Coefficient and Lift for Aft Planing Surface
		5.6.4 Friction Drag
		5.6.5 Centre of Pressure and Moment Arms
		5.6.6 Overall Balance of Forces and Moments
		5.6.7 Commentary
	5.7 Air Cavity Craft
	5.8 Comments for Initial Estimation of Lift, Drag, and Equilibrium
	5.9 Performance Estimation of ACC by Means of Model Testing
		5.9.1 Model Experimental Investigation by Naval Engineering University, Wuhan
		5.9.2 Model Testing of an ACC Design in CSSRC
		5.9.3 Powering Comparison of Russian ACC with Planing Vessel Design
	5.10 Concept Evaluation for High-Speed Planing ACC in Russia
		5.10.1 Introduction
		5.10.2 Design Project 1: Basic Conceptual Design for ACC
		5.10.3 Design Project 2: Seagoing ACC
		5.10.4 Design Project 3: Improving Seaworthiness
		5.10.5 Design Project 4
		5.10.6 Design Project 5
		5.10.7 Design Project 6: Nautilus 62
	5.11 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 6: ACC Stability and Seakeeping
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Displacement Air Lubrication and Air Cavity Ship Stability
	6.3 Planing ACC Stability
		6.3.1 Static Transverse Stability of Planing ACC
			Intact Condition
			Heeling Due to Wind
			Heeling Due to Passenger Crowding and High-Speed Turns
			Heeling Lever Due to High-Speed Turning
			Rolling in Waves
			Residual Stability After Damage
		6.3.2 Dynamic Transverse Stability of Planing ACC
		6.3.3 Dynamic Longitudinal Stability
			Porpoising Instability
	6.4 Seakeeping
		6.4.1 Seakeeping of Displacement AC Ships
		6.4.2 Planing Craft in a Seaway
		6.4.3 Seakeeping of Planing Air Cavity Craft
		6.4.4 ACC Model Scale Investigation of Seakeeping in CSSRC [15]
		6.4.5 Improving ACC Sea-keeping Quality
		6.4.6 Wave Piercing Air Cavity Craft Concept
			Operation in Calm Water
			Operation in Waves
	6.5 Discussion of Stability and Sea-Keeping Performance
	References
Chapter 7: ALS and ACC Propulsion
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Application of Open Propellers
		7.2.1 Application of Open Propellers to ALS and ACS
		7.2.2 Application of Open Propellers on High-Speed ACC
	7.3 Application of Shallow Submerged Propeller in Hull Half-Tunnel
	7.4 Application of Ducted Propellers
	7.5 Application of Partially Submerged Propellers
	7.6 Application of Water Jet Propulsion
		7.6.1 Application of Water Jet Propulsion Avoiding Ventilation
		7.6.2 Application of Shallow Submerged Water Jet Propulsion with Integrated Rudder
	7.7 Application of Supercavitating Water Jet Installation
	7.8 Feeding Air Cavity by Means of ACC Main Engine Exhaust System
	References
Chapter 8: Postscript
Appendix A
	Conceptual Design Proposal: Wave Piercing Air Cavity Ferry
		Introduction
		Concept Presentation
		Improving Performance by Means of a Bow Propulsion Unit
			Bow Propulsion on ACC Using a Water Propeller
			Water Jet as Bow Propulsion on WPACC
		Further Development of Wave Piercing ACC
		Additional Variants for the Wave Piercing ACC
References
Appendix B
	Resources
		Resources by Chapter Reference
			Chapter 1
			Chapter 2
			Chapter 3
			Chapter 4
			Chapter 5
			Chapter 6
			Chapter 7
		General References and Internet Links
			Technical Societies
			Universities, Marine Institutes, and Industry Organizations
			Air Cavity Vessels
			Designers
			Rules and Regulations
			International Organizations
			Software
			Propulsion Water Jets
			Propellers
			Surface Drives
			Engines
			Intake Filtration
			Service Suppliers and Marine Equipment Suppliers
			Gearboxes and Transmission
			Stabilizers and Interceptors
			Safety Outfitting, etc.
			Rubber Mountings
			Marine Fire and Sound Insulation
			Marine Architectural Panels Including Suspended Ceilings
			Seat Manufacturers
			Marine Interior Design
		Text Books and Reports
			Digital Reports and Document Libraries
			Naval Architecture Texts
			Text Books on Hydrodynamics of High-Speed Marine Vessels
			Hydrodynamics and Aerodynamics Classic Texts
			MARIN Research Reports (www.MARIN.nl)
			University of Southampton Reports
			Flying Boat and Seaplane Hydrodynamics
			Air Bubble and Air Cavity Dynamics Papers and Books
			High-Speed Stability
			Systematic Series
			General Planing Hydrodynamics Papers
			Spray
			Spray Rails
			Transom Sterns
			Stepped Hulls
			Air Cavity Craft
			Interceptors
			Water Jets
			Friction Drag Reduction
Index