Nanostructured Materials

Contents
1 Nanotechnology and Dimensions
	1.1 Fundamentals of Nanomaterials
	1.2 Dimensions of Nanomaterials
		1.2.1 2D Confinement
		1.2.2 1D Confinement
		1.2.3 Zero Dimensional Confinement
	1.3 Features of Nanoparticles
		1.3.1 Activation of Particle Surface
		1.3.2 Particle Size
		1.3.3 Particle Shape
		1.3.4 Two-Dimensional Particle Projection Image
		1.3.5 Three-Dimensional Particle Image
	1.4 Significances of Nanotechnology
	1.5 Basic Concept of Nanotechnology
	References
2 Nanomaterials, Properties and Applications
	2.1 Brief Notes on Nanomaterials
	2.2 Nanomaterial Properties
		2.2.1 Structural Properties
		2.2.2 Thermal Properties
		2.2.3 Chemical Properties
		2.2.4 Mechanical Properties
		2.2.5 Magnetic Properties
		2.2.6 Optical Properties
		2.2.7 Electronic Properties
		2.2.8 Physiochemical Properties of Nanomaterials
		2.2.9 Specific Surface Area and Pore
	2.3 Nanomaterial Synthesis Process
		2.3.1 Top-Down Approach
		2.3.2 Bottom-Up Approach
	2.4 Applications of Nanomaterials
		2.4.1 Environmental Sector
		2.4.2 Health Sector
		2.4.3 Energy Sector
	References
3 Fundamentals of Nanostructures
	3.1 Nanostructures Definition
	3.2 Nanostructured Materials
		3.2.1 1D Nanostructures
		3.2.2 2D Nanostructures
		3.2.3 3D Nanostructures
	3.3 Features of Nanostructures
	3.4 Theoretical Substantiation of the Approaches Proposed
	3.5 Types of Nanostructured Material
		3.5.1 Nanostructures in Plants
		3.5.2 Nanostructures in Insects
		3.5.3 Nanostructures in the Human Body
		3.5.4 Ceramic Nanostructures
		3.5.5 Polymer Nanostructures
		3.5.6 Nanocomposites
		3.5.7 Thin Films
		3.5.8 Nanostructure Computation
	References
4 Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures
	4.1 Nanostructured Materials
	References
5 Quantum Effects, CNTs, Fullerenes and Dendritic Structures
	5.1 Fullerenes Structures
	5.2 Nanostructures
	5.3 Laser-Assisted Metal-Catalyzed Nanowire Growth
	5.4 Hierarchal Complexity in 1-D Nanostructures
	5.5 Mechanical and Thermal Properties
	5.6 Electronic Properties of Nanowires
	5.7 Optical Properties of Nanowires
	References
6 Semiconductors, Organic and Hybrid Nanostructures
	6.1 Semiconductor Nanostructures
		6.1.1 Quasi-One-Dimensional Systems
		6.1.2 Double Quantum Well
		6.1.3 The Size of Semiconductor Nanostructures
		6.1.4 Electrostatics of a GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructure
		6.1.5 Applications of Semiconductor Nanostructures
	6.2 Organic Nanostructures
		6.2.1 Structures and Applications of Organic Nanostructures
		6.2.2 Miscellaneous Application of Organic Nanostructures
	6.3 Hybrid Nanostructures
		6.3.1 Physical Deposition to Synthesize the Hybrid Nanostructures of Metal NPs/2D Materials
		6.3.2 Chemical Reduction to Synthesize the Hybrid Nanostructures of Metal NPs/2D Materials
		6.3.3 Applications of Hybrid Nanostructures
	References
7 Properties of Nanostructured Materials
	7.1 Unique Properties of Nanostructures
	7.2 Physical Properties of Nanowires
		7.2.1 Thermal Stability
		7.2.2 Optical Properties
		7.2.3 Electronic Properties
		7.2.4 Mechanical Properties
		7.2.5 Field Emission Properties
	7.3 Grain Boundaries in Nanostructured Materials
	7.4 Multifunctional Properties of Nanostructured Metallic Materials
		7.4.1 Mechanical Properties
		7.4.2 Strength Measurement
		7.4.3 Superstrength and Ductility
		7.4.4 Electrical Conductivity
		7.4.5 Magnetic Properties
		7.4.6 Corrosion Resistance
		7.4.7 Reliability of Nanostructured Materials
		7.4.8 Thermal Properties of Nanostructures
		7.4.9 Thermal Conductance
	References
8 Nanostructured Materials—Design and Approach
	8.1 Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials
	8.2 Nanostructure Synthesis and Fabrication Methods
		8.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition
	8.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
		8.3.1 Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition
		8.3.2 Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)
	8.4 Solution-Based Chemistry
		8.4.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis
		8.4.2 Hydrolysis
		8.4.3 Aqueous Chemical Growth
	References
9 Functionalization of Nanostructures
	9.1 Aspects of Nanostructure System
	9.2 Chemistry of Nanostructure Functionalization
	9.3 Need for Functionalization
	9.4 Methods of Functionalization
	9.5 Class of Functionalization
		9.5.1 Thiol/Aminothiol
		9.5.2 Bio-functionalization
		9.5.3 Asymmetric Group
		9.5.4 Polymers in Functionalization
		9.5.5 Functionalization of Metals
		9.5.6 Rare-Earth in Functionalization
	9.6 Miscellaneous Functionalized Nanostructures
	References
10 Characterization and Technical Analysis of Nanostructured Materials
	10.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
	10.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
	10.3 Scanning Probe Microscopies (SPM)
	10.4 Field Ion Microscopy (FIM)
	10.5 Raman Spectroscopy
	10.6 Absorption Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
	10.7 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL)
	10.8 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
	10.9 Confocal Microscopy
	10.10 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
	10.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
	10.12 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
	References
11 Fabrication of Nanostructures
	11.1 Lithography
		11.1.1 Photolithography
		11.1.2 Contact-Mode Photolithography (CMP)
		11.1.3 Deep Ultra-Violet Lithography (DUV)
		11.1.4 Phase-Shifting Photolithography
		11.1.5 Electron Beam Lithography
		11.1.6 X-Ray Lithography
		11.1.7 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Lithography
		11.1.8 Neutral Atomic Beam Lithography
	11.2 Nanolithography
		11.2.1 AFM Based Nanolithography
		11.2.2 Soft Lithography
		11.2.3 Microcontact Printing
		11.2.4 Molding
		11.2.5 Nanoimprint
		11.2.6 Dip-Pen Nanolithography
	11.3 Etching
	References
12 Nanostructured Materials for Optical and Electronic Applications
	12.1 Applications of Nanostructured Materials in Solar Cells
		12.1.1 Dye-Sensitized Nanostructured ZnO Electrodes for Solar Cell Applications
	12.2 Photoconductive Oxide Nanowires as Nanoscale Optoelectronic Switches
	12.3 Energy Storage, Batteries, Fuel Cells
	12.4 Nanostructured Semiconductor Materials for Optoelectronic Applications
	12.5 Carbon-Based Sensors and Electronics
	References
13 Nanostructured Materials for Bioapplications
	13.1 Nanostructured Ti and Ti Alloys for Biomedical Engineering
	13.2 Nanostructured Materials for Biosensors
	13.3 Nanobiotechnology
	13.4 Gene Therapy
	13.5 Bioimaging
	13.6 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
	13.7 Bone Implant
	13.8 Modulated Drug Delivery System
	13.9 DNA Biosensor
	13.10 Glucose Biosensor
	13.11 Therapies
		13.11.1 Photodynamic Therapy
		13.11.2 Chemotherapy
		13.11.3 Photothermal Therapy
	References
14 Nanostructured Materials for Photonic Applications
	14.1 Optical Waveguides Based on Small Organic Molecules
	14.2 Optically Pumped Organic Lasers
	14.3 3D Photonic Crystals
	14.4 Photonic LEDs
	14.5 Photonic Crystal Filters
	14.6 Photonic Crystals: Bright Structural Colour from Functional Morphology
	References
15 Nanostructured Materials for Environmental Remediation
	15.1 Gas Treatment: Nano-Array Based Catalytic Converters
	15.2 Remediation of Organohalides by Dye Sensitized TiO2
	15.3 Water Split Application of the Nanostructure Photocatalyst
	15.4 Nanostructure Photocatalyst for Water and Wastewater Treatment
	15.5 Sensing the Chemical Environment with Semiconductor Nanostructures
	15.6 Pollution Control Using Nanostructures
		15.6.1 Air Pollution
		15.6.2 Water Pollution
	15.7 Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Sensors
	References
16 Miscellaneous Applications of Nanostructures
	16.1 Nanostructures in Aerospace Application
	16.2 Nanostructures in RADAR Application
	16.3 Nanostructures in Stealth Application
	16.4 Nanostructured Electrode
	16.5 Nanostructures in Antimicrobial Application
	16.6 Nanostructures in Cosmetic Application
		16.6.1 Chitin Nanofibril
		16.6.2 Nanoparticles as UV Protective Filters in Sun Screens
	References
17 Nanostructured Materials Life Time and Toxicity Analysis
	17.1 Impact of Nanomaterials to Human Health and Ecosystems
	17.2 Nanomaterial Toxicity
	17.3 A Consideration of All Pertinent Sources of Nanomaterials
	17.4 Nanoparticle Toxicity
		17.4.1 Mechanisms of Toxicity
	17.5 Interference of Nanoparticles with in Vitro Toxicity Assays
	17.6 Nanotoxicology
	References
18 Nanomaterials Research and Development
	18.1 LCA—Life Cycle Assessment of Nanomaterials
	18.2 The Role of Life Cycle Assessment in the Field of Nanotechnology
	18.3 LCA Procedure
	18.4 Life-Cycle Assessment of Engineered Nanomaterials
	18.5 LCA of an Emerging Technology
	18.6 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
	18.7 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
	18.8 LCA of Nanomaterials
	References