Radiology Fundamentals: Introduction to Imaging & Technology

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
	1: Practicing SAFE Radiology
	2: Patient Radiation Safety and Risk
		What Is Radiation?
		Where Do We Use Radiation in a Hospital?
		What Are the Risks?
		Resources
		References
	3: Introduction to Radiology Concepts
		Radiographic Densities
		Main Radiographic Densities
		The Silhouette Sign
	4: Conventional Radiology
		The Radiographic Projection
	5: Ultrasound
		Ultrasound
		Color and Power Doppler Imaging in Ultrasound
		Indications for Ultrasound Use
	6: Computed Tomography
		CT Imaging Orientation
		Pixels and Voxels
		CT Values or Hounsfield Units (HU)
		Contrast Studies
		Optimizing the Visualization of Specific Structures
	7: MRI
		Advantages and Disadvantages of MRI
	8: Introduction to Nuclear Medicine
		Introduction
		Basic Definitions
		Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals
		Detection, Imaging, and Quantification
	9: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology
		Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
		Interventional Radiology Procedures
Part II: Thoracic Radiology
	10: Heart and Mediastinum
		Cardiac Contours
		Heart Size
		Mediastinal Structures and Compartments
	11: Cardiac CTA
	12: Lateral Chest Radiograph
		Lateral View: Systemic Approach
		Hemidiaphragms
		Hilar Enlargement
	13: Pulmonary Nodules or Masses
		Evaluation of a Pulmonary Nodule
		Cases to Review
	14: Airspace Disease
	15: Interstitial Disease
		Introduction
		Kerley Lines
		Peribronchial Cuffing
		Reticular and Reticulonodular Patterns
		Subpleural Thickening
		Summary
	16: Atelectasis
		Introduction
		Postobstructive Atelectasis
		Adhesive Atelectasis
		Passive Atelectasis
		Cicatrization Atelectasis
		Lobar Atelectasis
	17: Pulmonary Vasculature
		Pulmonary Vessel Distribution in the Lung
		Identifying Pulmonary Vessels
		Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
		Shunt Vascularity
		Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
	18: Pulmonary Edema
		Blood Flow Redistribution (Cephalization)
		Interstitial Edema
		Alveolar Edema
	19: Pulmonary Embolism
		Pulmonary Embolism
	20: Pneumothorax
		Radiographic Appearance of a Pneumothorax
		Tension Pneumothorax
		Deep Sulcus Sign
	21: Miscellaneous Chest Conditions
		Calcific Pericarditis
		Tuberculosis
		Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy
		Asbestos
		Opacified Hemithorax
	22: Tubes and Lines
		The Endotracheal (ET) Tube
		Central Venous Catheters
		The Nasogastric Tube
Part III: Mammography
	23: Breast Imaging
		Standard Mammography Views: CC and MLO
		Dense Fibroglandular Breast Tissue
		Breast Implants
		Mammographic Findings
		Radiation Dosage
		Ultrasound Utilization in Breast Imaging
		Breast MRI
		Image-Guided Biopsy
		BI-RADS®
		References
Part IV: Genitourinary and Abdominal Imaging
	24: Genitourinary Ultrasound
		Kidneys
		Bladder
		Evaluation of the Uterus and Uterine Bleeding
		Evaluation of the Ovaries
		Pregnancy
		Evaluation of the Painful Scrotum
		Evaluation of a Painless Testicular Mass
	25: Abdominal Calcifications
		Chronic Pancreatitis
		Vascular Calcifications
		Uterine Fibroids
		Appendicolith
		Urinary Tract Calculi
	26: Abdominal Hardware and Tubes
		Surgical Clips
		Gastrointestinal Tubes
		Genitourinary Tubes and Hardware
		Vascular Hardware
		Miscellaneous Hardware
		Suggested Reading
	27: Abnormal Air Collections in the Abdomen
		Pneumoperitoneum
		Pneumatosis Intestinalis
		Portal Venous Gas
	28: Bowel Obstruction
		Small Bowel Obstruction
		Large Bowel Obstruction
		Evaluation for Obstruction
		Ileus
		Mucosal Edema
	29: Concerning Abdominal Masses
		Abscess
		Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
		Renal Cell Cancer
		Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Pancreatic Mass
	30: Fluoroscopic Evaluation of the Upper GI Tract and Small Bowel
		Fluoroscopy
		Normal Esophageal Motility
		Abnormal Esophageal Motility
		Esophageal Carcinoma
		Esophageal Diverticula
		Double- and Single-Contrast Upper GI Studies
		Small Bowel Follow-Through
		Conventional Enteroclysis
		CT Enteroclysis
		Postoperative Imaging
	31: Imaging of the Colon
		Colonic Diverticula and Polyps
		CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy)
	32: Imaging of the Gallbladder
		The Gallbladder on Plain Radiograph
		Gallbladder on Ultrasound
		Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy
		Visualizing the Biliary Tree
		Gallstones on CT
	33: Incidental Abdominal Lesions
		Introduction
		Incidental Cystic Renal Lesion
		Incidental Solid Renal Lesion
		Incidental Hepatic Lesion
		Incidental Adrenal Lesion
		Incidental Pancreatic Lesion
		Reference
	34: Inflammatory and Infectious Bowel Disease
		Colitis
		Crohn’s Disease (CD)
		Crohn’s Cobblestoning
		“String Sign” and “Lead Pipe” Appearance
		Ulcerative Colitis
		Polypoid Changes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Ulcerative Colitis and Colon Cancer
		Toxic Megacolon
		Enterography and Advanced Imaging
	35: Intra- abdominal Lymphadenopathy
		Lymphadenopathy
		Computerized Tomography (CT) Scanning
Part V: Nuclear Medicine
	36: Nuclear Medicine Cardiac Imaging
		Multigated Acquisition (MUGA) Scan
		Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI)
		Myocardial Viability Imaging (MVI)
		Reference
	37: Gastrointestinal Nuclear Medicine
		Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy
		Gastric Emptying Test
		Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scintigraphy
		Meckel’s Scan
	38: Oncologic Nuclear Medicine
		Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
		Lymphoscintigraphy
		Whole-Body Radioactive Iodine (WB RAI) Scan
	39: Pulmonary Nuclear Medicine
		References
	40: Skeletal Nuclear Medicine
		Reference
Part VI: Interventional Radiology
	41: Diagnostic Arteriography
		Femoral, Radial, and Brachial Artery Access
		Arteriography Complications
	42: Pulmonary Arteriography and IVC Filter Placement
		IVC Filter Placement
		Reference
	43: Genitourinary Interventions
		Percutaneous Nephrostomy Placement
		Gonadal Vein Embolization
		Uterine Fibroid Embolization
		Fallopian Tube Recanalization
		Suggested Reading
	44: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
		TIPS Indications
		TIPS Contraindications
		TIPS-Relative Contraindications
		Relevant Anatomy
		TIPS Placement
		Follow-Up
		Complications
		Long-Term Survival
		References
	45: Central Venous Access
	46: Interventional Oncology
		Hepatic Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Relevant Hepatic Arterial Anatomy
		TACE Procedure
		Complications
		Follow-Up
		Long-Term Survival
		Hepatic Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE)
		Ablative Therapy
		Reference
Part VII: Musculoskeletal Radiology
	47: Fractures 1
		The Simple Fracture
		Fracture Nomenclature
		Shoulder Views
			Shoulder Dislocation
		Fat Pad Sign
		Colles’ Fracture
		The Scottie Dog
		Pelvic Fractures
	48: Fractures 2
		Femoral Neck Fractures
		Knee Joint Effusion
		Tibial Plateau Fractures
		Ankle Fractures
		Pathologic Fracture
		Osteoporosis
		Vertebral Fracture
		Mineralization
		Reference
	49: Bone Tumor Characteristics
		Suggested Reading
	50: Arthritides and Infection
		Osteoarthritis
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Differences Between Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Gout
		Infection
Part VIII: Neuroradiology
	51: CNS Anatomy
	52: The Cervical Spine
		Systematic Approach to Evaluating the Cervical Spine with CT or Plain Film
		MRI in the Cervical Spine Evaluation
	53: Head Trauma
		Skull Radiograph
		Epidural Hematoma
		Subdural Hematoma
		Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		Parenchymal Contusion
		Diffuse Axonal Injury
	54: Stroke
		Introduction
		Imaging Findings in Stroke
		Summary
	55: Headache and Back Pain
		Introduction
		Intracranial Hemorrhage
		Other Common Causes of Headache on Imaging
		Back Pain
		Summary
Part IX: Pediatric Radiology
	56: Pediatric Radiology Pearls
		Radiation Concerns in Diagnostic Imaging
		Anatomic Considerations in Children
		Cardiorespiratory Imaging
		Abdominal Imaging
		Musculoskeletal Trauma
Index