Women's Mental Health: A Clinical and Evidence-Based Guide

Contents
Contributors
An Introduction to Women’s Mental Health • Jeronimo Mendes-Ribeiro, Antonio Geraldo da Silva, and Joel Rennó Jr.
	Women’s Mental Health: A Comprehensive Approach
	Relevant Topics, Inconsistent or Insufficient Data: Is “State-of-the-Art” Care Still Possible?
	Lack of Services Designed for Women’s Mental Health Issues: A Still Neglected Subpopulation
	Revising Standard Diagnostic Manuals and Future Directions
		Final Considerations
	References
Those We Should Remember: The Pioneers of Mother-Infant Psychiatry • Ian Brockington
	Introduction
	Hippocrates
	Osiander
	Esquirol
	Marcé
	v. Krafft-Ebing
	Tardieu
	In-Patient Mother and Baby Units
	The Present State of Mother-Infant Psychiatry
	References
Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disorders in Women • Maria Carmen Viana and Rafael Bello Corassa
	Introduction
	Gender Differences in the Occurrence of Mental Disorders
	Gender Differences in Mood and Anxiety Disorders
	References
Psychometric Instruments and Women’s Mental Health • Jeronimo Mendes-Ribeiro, Mario Juruena, Luisa Caropreso, Maha M. Eltayebani, and David L. Streiner
	Psychometrics
		A Brief History
		Creating Scales
			Scales and Indices
			Devising the Items
			Reliability
			Validity
	Scales Used to Evaluate Women’s Mental Health
		Scales Used to Evaluate Psychiatric Disorders in Women
		Scales for Screening and Monitoring Symptoms During Premenstrual Period
		Scales for Screening and Monitoring Symptoms During Perinatal Period
		Scales for Screening and Monitoring Symptoms During Perimenopause
	Conclusions
	References
Schizophrenia in Women • Mario R. Louzã and Helio Elkis
	Introduction
	Incidence and Prevalence
	Age of Onset
	Premorbid Adjustment and Ultra-High-Risk Individuals (“Prodromal Phase”)
	Neurobiology
	Estrogens and Schizophrenia in Women
	Clinical Features
	Course and Outcome
	Treatment
		Pharmacological Treatment: General Principles
		Particularities of Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia in Women
			Prolactin and Estrogens
			Menopause
			Pregnancy and Lactation
		Psychosocial Treatments
	References
Bipolar Disorder in Women: Menstrual Cycle, Perinatal Period, and Menopause Transition • Lauren F. Forrest, Mara Smith, Joao Quevedo, and Benicio N. Frey
	Introduction
	Bipolar Disorder and the Menstrual Cycle
	Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
		General Treatment Considerations
			Pre-pregnancy Counselling
				Genetic Transmission
			Risks and Benefits of Medication Use in the Perinatal Period
		Specific Pharmacotherapies
			Lithium
			Lamotrigine
			Valproate
			Carbamazepine
			Atypical Antipsychotics
		Electroconvulsive Therapy
	The Menopause Transition
	Conclusion
	References
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder • Gabriella Francesca Mattina and Meir Steiner
	Introduction
	Definition and Diagnostic Criteria
	Self-Report Diagnostic Tools
	Epidemiology
	Course, Morbidity, and Quality of Life
	Comorbidities with Other Psychiatric Disorders
	Risk Factors
	Menstrual Cycle Physiology
	Aetiology
	Evidence-Based Treatment
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Depressive and Cognitive Disorders in Climacteric Women • Joel Rennó Jr., Juliana Pires Cavalsan, and Leiliane Aparecida Diniz Tamashiro
	Introduction
	Perimenopausal Depression
		Etiology
		Risk Factors
		Treatment
	Cognition
	Conclusion
	References
Anxiety Disorders in Women • Amaury Cantilino and Carla Fonseca Zambaldi
	Biological Factors Related to Women’s Vulnerability to Anxiety Disorders
	Psychosocial Factors Related to Women’s Vulnerability to Anxiety Disorders
	Life Cycle Factors
	Separation Anxiety
	Specific Phobia
	Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
	Panic Disorder
	Agoraphobia
	Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
	Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Women • Albina R. Torres, Ricardo C. Torresan, Maria Alice de Mathis, and Roseli G. Shavitt
	Sex Differences in the Prevalence of OCD in Nonclinical Populations
	Sex Differences in Age of Onset, Clinical Course, and Severity and Negative Impact of OCD Symptoms
	Onset or Aggravation of OCD Symptoms Among Women According to the Reproductive Cycle (Premenstrual Period, Pregnancy, Postpartum, and Menopause)
	Sex Differences in OCD Symptoms or Dimensions
	Sex Differences in OCD Comorbidity with Other Psychiatric Disorders
	Treatment
	Conclusions
	References
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders in Women • Andrea Feijó de Mello, Mariana Rangel Maciel, Sara Motta Borges Bottino, José Paulo Fiks, and Marcelo Feijó de Mello
	Introduction
	Psychopathology
	Diagnostic Criteria
	Physiopathology
	Most Frequent Types of Trauma Related to PTSD in Women
	Traumas Specifically Related to PTSD in Women
		Breast Cancer
		Traumatic Delivery
	Treatment
	References
Sexual Dysfunctions and Gender Dysphoria in Women • Carmita H. N. Abdo
	Female Sexual Dysfunction
		Introduction
		Definition and Classification
		Etiology
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
			Obtaining Sexual, Health, and Psychosexual History for Diagnosis
			Female Sexual Dysfunction and Psychiatric Disorders
			Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
			Antipsychotic-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
		Management of Female Sexual Dysfunction
			Patient Education
			Psychotherapy and Sex Therapy
			Management of Treatment-Induced Sexual Dysfunction in Depressed Patients
			Physiotherapy
	Gender Dysphoria/Gender Incongruence in Women
		Introduction
		Etiology
		Prevalence
		Diagnosis
		Transgender Clinical Care
			Mental Health Care
			Physical Health Care
	Conclusion
	References
Eating Disorders and Personality Disorders in Women • Michele de Oliveira Gonzalez, Fábio Tápia Salzano, Alexandre Azevedo, Andreza Carla Lopes, Mirella Baise, and Athanássio Cordás Táki
	Introduction
	Updates to the DSM 5
		Anorexia Nervosa (AN)
		Bulimia Nervosa (BN)
		Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
	Gender-Related Considerations
	Comorbidities
		Anorexia Nervosa
		Bulimia Nervosa
		Binge Eating Disorder
	Personality and Eating Disorders
		Personality and Anorexia Nervosa
		Personality and Bulimia Nervosa
		Personality and BED
	Personality Traits, Personality Disorders, and Eating Disorders
		Personality Traits, Assessment Tools, and Eating Disorders
		Eating Disorders and Broadband Personality Scales
		Comprehensive Measures of Pathological Personality
	Treatment
		Anorexia Nervosa
		Bulimia Nervosa
		Binge Eating Disorder
		Eating Disorders and Personality Disorders
	Final Considerations
	Diagnostic Criteria According to DSM 5
	References
Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders in Women • Silvia Brasiliano, Adriana Trejger Kachani, Fabio Carezzato, and Patricia Brunfentrinker Hochgraf
	Introduction
	Diagnosis
	Epidemiology
	Genetics
	Onset and Evolution
	Physical Aspects
	Nutritional Aspects
	Gynecologic Aspects
	Obstetric Aspects
	Social and Psychological Aspects
	Psychiatric Comorbidities
	Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Women • Antonio Geraldo da Silva, Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz, Marina Saraiva Garcia, and Renan Rocha
	Introduction
	ADHD in Women
	Final Considerations
	References
Suicide and Suicidality in Women • Alexandrina Maria Augusto da Silva Meleiro and Humberto Correa
	Gender Suicide Behavior Differences
	Women Suicide in China
	Suicide and Perinatal Period
	Risk Factors for Suicide in Peripartum
	Suicide and Gender Differences Between Doctors
	References
Psychopharmacology and Women • Marcelo Allevato and Juliana Bancovsky
	Introduction
	Pharmacodynamics and Women
	Pharmacokinetics
	Specific Groups of Drugs and Gender Differences
		Benzodiazepines
		Antipsychotics
		Antidepressants
		Section Summary
	Psychopharmacological Treatment During Pregnancy and Lactation
		Section Summary
	Conclusion
	References
Medical Conditions Affecting Women’s Mental Health • Sarah Rückl, Tiago Couto, Juliana Parada, and Carlos Eduardo Rosa
	Introduction
	Cardiovascular Disorders
		Coronary Artery Disease
			Psychiatric Disorders Related to Coronary Artery Disease
				CAD and Mood Disorders
				CAD and Anxiety Disorders
		Heart Failure
			Mood Disorders and Heart Failure
			Heart Failure and Anxiety Disorders
		Functional Cardiac Symptoms
	Respiratory Diseases
		Asthma
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
	Nephrological and Urological Diseases
		Acute Kidney Injury
		Chronic Kidney Injury and Depression
			Chronic Kidney Injury and Restless Legs Syndrome
		Lithium and Kidney Injury
	Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases
		Thyroid Disorders
		Adrenal Disorders
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Obesity
	Rheumatic and Immunological Diseases
	Infectious Diseases
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
		Syphilis
		Encephalitis
		Neurocysticercosis
	Dermatologic Diseases
	Gastroenterological Diseases
		Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
		Functional Bowel Diseases
	Neoplastic Diseases
	Neurological Diseases
		Stroke
		Traumatic Brain Injury
		Epilepsy
		Parkinson’s Disease
		Multiple Sclerosis
	References
Diet, Nutrition, and Women’s Mental Health • Adriana Trejger Kachani and Yvone Alves de Lima Furtado
	References
Assisted Reproduction: General Concepts and Psychological Aspects Involved • Artur Dzik, Alcina Meirelles, Ludmila Machado Neves, Nilka Fernandes Donadio, Mario Cavagna, and Luiz Henrique Gebrim
	General Concepts
	Assisted Reproductive Technologies
		Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
		In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (IVF)
		Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
		Embryo Cryopreservation
		Fertility Preservation
			Social Fertility Preservation
			Fertility Preservation Before Oncologic Treatment
		Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
	Special Situations in Assisted Reproduction
	Complications of ART
	Assisted Reproduction: Psychological Aspects Involved
	A Model of Psychological Action in AR
	Screening Group/Evaluative: 3 Couples
	Pre-fertilization Group: 3 Couple
	About the Controversial Questions of Oocyte Donors
	Controversial Questions Regarding Oocyte Receivers
	Professional Ethics
	Final Considerations
	References
Violence and Women’s Mental Health • Gislene Valadares, Erika de Oliveira Neves, Caroline Moreira, Priscila de Almeida Costa, and Sarah Mendes
	Introduction
		Every Woman Has a Horrible History to Tell. But Who Listens?
		Why Did Violence Against Women Became an Important Subject in Science and Society?
		Why Does It Seem So Difficult to Care for Women Survivals of Violence at Health Facilities?
	How Women Suffer from Violence
		Historical Aspects of Gender Violence
		Types of Violence
			Domestic Violence or Abuse
	Mental Illness, Psychiatric Disorders and Gender Violence
		Etiopathogenic Mechanisms: Evidence and Clinical Aspects
	How to Treat Women Survival of Violence
		Well-Established Principles While Caring for Violence Survival
		Violence Against Women and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
	Data Collection, Diagnostics and Parameters
		Scales
	Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Domestic Violence (DV)
	Cognitions, Beliefs and Culture
	Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Intervention
	Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Sexual Violence
	Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Focused on Trauma
	Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for PTSD
	Trauma Processing Techniques
	Prolonged Exposure Therapy
	Treatment Second Stage
	Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for DV: Focus on Cognitive Interventions
	Domestic Violence and the Belief System
	How to Approach?
	And the Partner?
	Coping Strategies for DV
	Preventive Attitudes
	Final Considerations
	References
		Suggested Sites
Neuroimaging Research in Women’s Mental Health: Current Research and Emerging Trends in Women and Transgender Women’s Psychiatry and Mental Health • Luciano Minuzzi, Maiko A. Schneider, and Sabrina K. Syan
	Introduction
		Peripartum Depression
		The Menstrual Cycle
		Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
			Bipolar Disorder in Women
			Bipolar Disorder and Menstrual Cycle Hormonal Fluctuations
	Neuroimaging Research on Male-to-Female Transgender
	References
Telehealth and Women’s Perinatal Mental Health • Dawn Kingston and Renan Rocha
	References
Maternal Mental Health and Peripartum Depression • Gislene Valadares, Austen Venancio Drummond, Carolina Cassiano Rangel, Eduardo Santos, and Gisele Apter
	Introduction
	Definition and Symptoms
		Symptoms of PPD: Clinical Specificity and Heterogeneity
		The Blues
		Postpartum Depression (PPD)
	Epidemiology of PPD
		Paternal PPD
		PPD in Lesbian–Gay–Bi–Transsexual (LGBT) Parents
	PPD: Aetiological Hypotheses
		Neuro-inflammatory Mechanism
		Hormonal Mechanisms
			Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis (HPA)
			Reproductive and Lactation Hormones
				Oestrogen
				Progesterone
				Allopregnanolone (ALLO)
				Oxytocin
				Prolactin
		Brain Function
		Genetics/Epigenetics
	Risk Factors and Protective Factors
		Risks Factor for Antenatal Depression (AND)
		Risk Factor for Postnatal Depression (PND)
		Protective Factors
	Peripartum Depression Screening
	Impact of Perinatal Depression
		Impact on Women
		Impact on Child
	Treatment
		Psychosocial Care and Mothers as Protagonist
		Pharmacological Treatment (Summarized as It Is Subject of Another Chapter)
		Psychotherapy
		Other Treatments: Exercises, TMS, ECT, Light Therapy, Mindfulness, Ketamine
	How to Guide the Partner, Sibling, Family and Friends
	Preventive Actions
		Counselling Interventions
	Conclusions
	References
Psychopharmacology in Pregnancy and Lactation • Jennifer L. Payne
	Background
		Psychiatric Disorders in the Perinatal Period and the Need for Medications
		Understanding the Literature
		The Risks of Maternal Mental Illness
		FDA Pregnancy Categories and Labeling
	General Clinical Considerations
		Prepregnancy Planning
		Unplanned Pregnancy
		General Recommendations for Breastfeeding
		Changes in Metabolism and Drug Clearance During Pregnancy
		Summary of Clinical Approaches to Management of Psychiatric Medications in Pregnancy
	Psychiatric Medications in Pregnancy and Lactation
		Antidepressants
			Major Organ Malformations
			Cardiovascular Defects
			Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension (PPHN)
			Autism
			Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight
			Poor Neonatal Adaptation Syndrome (PNAS)
			Antidepressants and Breastfeeding
		Antianxiety Agents
			Benzodiazepines
			Buspirone
			Gabapentin
			Pregabalin
			Antihistamines
		Mood Stabilizers
			Lamotrigine
			Valproic Acid
			Carbamazepine
			Lithium
		Antipsychotics
			Clozapine
		Stimulants
	Conclusions
	References
FDA Rules for Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling and Their Clinical Implications • Lauren M. Osborne, Nicole Leistikow, and Renan Rocha
	References
Critical Assessment of Observational Studies and Shared Decision Making in Perinatal Psychiatry • Lauren F. Forrest and Ryan J. Van Lieshout
	Introduction
	Critical Appraisal of Observational Studies
		Formulating a Clinical Question
		Searching the Literature
		Assessing the Evidence
			Risk of Bias
			Interpreting the Results
			How Can I Apply the Results to Patient Care?
	Shared Decision Making
		Informed Consent
		A Framework for Discussing the Decision of Taking Psychotropic Medication During Pregnancy
	Conclusion
	References
Index