Biomaterials- and Microfluidics-Based Tissue Engineered 3D Models (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1230)

Preface
Contents
1: Microfluidic Devices and Three Dimensional-Printing Strategies for in vitro Models of Bone
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Microfluidic-Based in vitro Models of Bone
	1.3	 Techniques to 3D - Printing Microfluidic Devices
		1.3.1	 Fused Deposition Modelling
		1.3.2	 Inkjet Modelling
		1.3.3	 Stereolithography
	1.4	 3D – Bioprinting Based Bone Tissue Models
	1.5	 3D – Bioprinted Microfluidic in vitro Models
	1.6	 Conclusions
	References
2: Microfluidics for Processing of Biomaterials
	2.1	 Biomaterials and Crosslinking Strategies
		2.1.1	 Thermally Cross-Linked Biomaterials
		2.1.2	 Polyelectrolytes and Ionically Cross-Linked Biomaterials
		2.1.3	 Chemically Cross-Linked Biomaterials
	2.2	 Processability
	2.3	 Processing Approaches
		2.3.1	 Droplet-Based
		2.3.2	 Continuous-Flow
	2.4	 Conclusions
	References
3: Organs-on-a-Chip
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Comparing 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional Tissue Modeling Systems
		3.2.1	 Limitations of 2-Dimensional Systems
		3.2.2	 Adding a Third Dimension to Tissue Culture
		3.2.3	 Organoids vs. Organs-on-Chips and Synergistic Engineering
	3.3	 The Evolution of Microphysiological Systems Funding and Investment
		3.3.1	 Expansion and Integration of Organ-on-Chip Technology
		3.3.2	 A Marriage of Technologies
	3.4	 How Engineering Advances Have, and Will Continue to, Push the Field Forward
	3.5	 Present Considerations and Future Challenges
		3.5.1	 Cell Sources
		3.5.2	 Organ-on-Chip Integration: Biological and Technical Challenges
		3.5.3	 Manufacturing, Materials and Reproducibility
		3.5.4	 Standardization and Validation Considerations
		3.5.5	 Commercialization and Regulatory/Industry Buy-in of Organ-on-Chip Systems
	3.6	 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
4: Engineering Patient-on-a-Chip Models for Personalized Cancer Medicine
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Why Current Drug Testing Fails?
	4.3	 Traditional Platforms for Tumor Modeling and Drug Discovery: An Overview
		4.3.1	 In Vitro Tumor Models
			4.3.1.1	 One-Dimensional Models
			4.3.1.2	 Two-Dimensional Models
			4.3.1.3	 Three-Dimensional Models
		4.3.2	 In Vivo Tumor Models
		4.3.3	 In Silico Tumor Models
	4.4	 Organ-on-a-Chip Tumor Models: Tumor-on-a-Chip
		4.4.1	 Cancer Invasion and Intravasation Models
		4.4.2	 Angiogenesis Models
		4.4.3	 Extravasation Models
	4.5	 Multi-Organ-on-a-Chip Models
	4.6	 Multi-Organ-on-a-Chip Models of Cancer Patients: Cancer Patient-on-a-Chip
	4.7	 Clinical and Industrial Applications: Current Challenges and New Directions
		4.7.1	 Technological Challenges
		4.7.2	 Biological Challenges
		4.7.3	 Economical and Market Challenges
	4.8	 Conclusions
	References
5: Biomaterials and Microfluidics for Liver Models
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Biomaterials – Based In Vitro Liver Models
		5.2.1	 Naturally-Based Biomaterials
		5.2.2	 Synthetic Biomaterials
		5.2.3	 Decellularized Matrices
	5.3	 Microfluidics-Based Liver Models
	5.4	 Conclusions
	References
6: Microfluidic Systems in CNS Studies
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Microfludics in CNS
	6.3	 Conclusions
	References
7: Microfluidics for Angiogenesis Research
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Microfluidic Platforms for Angiogenesis Research
		7.2.1	 Regulatory Factors Controlling Angiogenesis
		7.2.2	 Cellular Interactions
		7.2.3	 Modelling Pathological Conditions
			7.2.3.1	 Tumour Angiogenesis Study
		7.2.4	 Drugs Screening
	7.3	 Concluding Remarks
	References
8: Biomaterials and Microfluidics for Drug Discovery and Development
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Biomaterials Applied in Microfluidic Systems
	8.3	 Microfluidics in Drug Discovery
	8.4	 Organ on Chip and Drug Discovery
		8.4.1	 Lung on a Chip
		8.4.2	 Liver on Chip
		8.4.3	 Kidney on a Chip
		8.4.4	 Heart on a Chip
		8.4.5	 Bone Marrow on a Chip
		8.4.6	 Intestine on a Chip
		8.4.7	 Tumor on a Chip
	8.5	 Conclusions
	References
9: Dynamic Culture Systems and 3D Interfaces Models for Cancer Drugs Testing
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 3D Interface Models Critical Features – Recreation of the Tumor’s Interfaces
		9.2.1	 Structural
			9.2.1.1	 Tumor-Basement Membrane
			9.2.1.2	 Tumor-ECM Interface: Fibrotic vs. Healthy
		9.2.2	 Mechanical Properties
			9.2.2.1	 Tumor-Solid Interface
			9.2.2.2	 Tumor-Liquid Interface
			9.2.2.3	 Tumor-Air Interface
		9.2.3	 Biochemical
			9.2.3.1	 Soluble Factors
			9.2.3.2	 ECM-Bound Factors
		9.2.4	 Cellular
			9.2.4.1	 Stromal
			9.2.4.2	 Immune Cells
			9.2.4.3	 Epithelial
			9.2.4.4	 Vascular
				Primary Tumor
				Metastasis
			9.2.4.5	 Microbiological
	9.3	 3D Models Integration in Dynamic Culture Systems
		9.3.1	 Dynamic vs. Static
		9.3.2	 Industrial Transition
		9.3.3	 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
	References
10: Nanoparticles and Microfluidic Devices in Cancer Research
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Microfluidic-Based 2D in vitro Models
	10.3	 Microfluidic-Based 3D in vitro Models
	10.4	 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Index